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      Pneumococcal meningitis: epidemiological profile pre- and post-introduction of the pneumococcal 10-valent conjugate vaccine Translated title: Meningite pneumocócica: perfil epidemiológico pré e pós a introdução da vacina pneumocócica conjugada 10valente

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the possible effects of the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate 10-valent vaccine schedule in the state of Parana on pneumococcal meningitis cases and to assess the distribution of serotypes among cases. METHOD: Cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection of cases of pneumococcal meningitis in the state of Paraná reported to Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), from 1998 to 2011. A total of 1,339 cases of pneumococcal meningitis were analyzed; 1,205 cases from the pre-vaccine period (1998-2009) were compared to 134 cases from the post-vaccine period (2010-2011). Descriptive and comparative statistical analyses (chi-squared test and prevalence ratio) were performed using JMP 5.1.2 statistical software (JMP Statistical Discovery, North Carolina, USA) and EPI INFO 6 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Georgia, EUA). RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in the mean rates of incidence and mortality in the general population. The analysis of cases in the pre- and post-vaccination periods in the age groups covered by vaccination (younger than 2 years) showed significant reductions in incidence rates (6.01 cases/100,000 to 2.49 cases/100,000 individuals) and mortality (1.85 cases/100,000 population to 0.47 cases/100,000 population), while the mean lethality rate did not change significantly. There was a significant reduction in cases whose serotypes are included in the vaccine (80.7% to 53.3%). CONCLUSION: Even after a short time of use, the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has already had a significant impact in reducing the incidence and mortality of meningitis cases among infants, as well as the reduction of cases whose serotypes are included in the vaccine.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os possíveis efeitos da introdução da vacina pneumocócica conjugada 10 valente no calendário vacinal no Paraná sobre os casos de meningite pneumocócica; avaliar a distribuição dos sorotipos dentre os casos. MÉTODO: Estudo observacional, transversal, com coleta de dados retrospectiva dos casos de meningite pneumocócica no Estado do Paraná, notificados ao SINAN, no período de 1998 a 2011. Foram analisados 1339 casos de meningite pneumocócica e comparados os 1205 casos do período pré-vacina (1998 a 2009) com os 134 do período pós-vacina (2010 a 2011). A análise estatística descritiva e comparativa (teste qui-quadrado e razão de prevalência) foi realizada no software de estatística JMP 5.1.2 (JMP Statistical Discovery, Carolina do Norte, EUA) e no Programa EPI INFO 6. RESULTADOS: Observou-se redução significativa das taxas médias de incidência e mortalidade na população geral. A análise dos casos nos períodos pré e pós-vacina nas faixas etárias contempladas pela vacinação (menores de 2 anos) mostrou reduções significativas das taxas de incidência (6,01 casos/100.000 para 2,49 casos/100.000 habitantes), mortalidade (1,85 casos/100.000 habitantes para 0,47 casos/100.000 habitantes), enquanto que a letalidade média não apresentou variação significativa. Houve redução significativa dos casos cujos sorotipos estão incluídos na vacina (80,7% para 53,3%). CONCLUSÃO: Mesmo com um tempo reduzido de uso, a vacina pneumocócica conjugada 10 valente já apresentou um impacto relevante na diminuição dos coeficientes de incidência e mortalidade dos casos de meningite entre os lactentes, além de redução de casos cujos sorotipos estão incluídos na vacina.

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          Effect of 10-Valent Pneumococcal Vaccine on Pneumonia among Children, Brazil

          Pneumonia is most problematic for children in developing countries. In 2010, Brazil introduced a 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) to its National Immunization Program. To assess the vaccine’s effectiveness for preventing pneumonia, we analyzed rates of hospitalization among children 2–24 months of age who had pneumonia from all causes from January 2005 through August 2011. We used data from the National Hospitalization Information System to conduct an interrupted time-series analysis for 5 cities in Brazil that had good data quality and high PCV10 vaccination coverage. Of the 197,975 hospitalizations analyzed, 30% were for pneumonia. Significant declines in hospitalizations for pneumonia were noted in Belo Horizonte (28.7%), Curitiba (23.3%), and Recife (27.4%) but not in São Paulo and Porto Alegre. However, in the latter 2 cities, vaccination coverage was less than that in the former 3. Overall, 1 year after introduction of PCV10, hospitalizations of children for pneumonia were reduced.
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            Emergence of invasive pneumococcal disease caused by nonvaccine serotypes in the era of 7-valent conjugate vaccine.

            Little is known about the epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) after the introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in Spain and other European countries. We performed a 10-year prospective study including all children with culture-proven IPD admitted to Sant Joan de Deu Hospital, a children's center in the southern area of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. PCV7 was introduced in June 2001, and the current estimate of PCV7 coverage is 45%-50%. Comparing the prevaccine period (1997-2001) with the vaccine period (2002-2006), among children aged <2 years, the rate of IPD increased from 32.4 episodes per 100,000 population to 51.3 episodes per 100,000 population (an increase of 58%; 95% confidence interval, 2%-145%), and among children aged 2-4 years, the rate increased from 11.3 episodes per 100,000 population to 26.5 episodes per 100,000 population (an increase of 135%; 95% confidence interval, 31%-320%). At clinical presentation, the rate of pneumonia and/or empyema among children aged <5 years increased from 3.6 episodes per 100,000 population to 15.1 episodes per 100,000 population (an increase of 320%; 95% confidence interval, 98%-790%). These increased rates of IPD were caused by non-PCV7 serotypes, which represented 38% and 72% of infecting serotypes in the prevaccine and vaccine periods, respectively (P=.001). Penicillin resistance decreased from 48% in the prevaccine period to 27% in the vaccine period (P=.005). In the vaccine period, there was an emergence of previously established virulent clones of non-PCV7 serotypes 1 and 5. There was also an increase in the prevalence of serotypes 19A and 6A expressed with different clonal types, including Spain(23F)-1 and Spain(6B)-2. Since the introduction of PCV7 for children, there has been an emergence of IPD caused by virulent clones of non-PCV7 serotypes that has been associated with significant clinical changes and a decrease in antibiotic resistance.
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              Population-based surveillance for invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumonia in infants and young children in Goiânia, Brazil.

              Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of vaccine-preventable death in children <5 years of age globally. We determined incidence rates of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), clinical and chest X-ray-confirmed pneumonia (CXR+Pn), S. pneumoniae serotype distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility in children in Goiânia, Brazil. Prospective, population-based surveillance was conducted from May 2007 to May 2009 in children 28 days to <36 months of age presenting to all 33 pediatric healthcare services (outpatient departments, emergency rooms, hospitals) in Goiânia. Eligibility criteria were temperature ≥39.0 °C in the previous 24h and/or clinical suspicion of pneumonia or IPD. 14,509 subjects were enrolled. Median age was 14.0 months. S. pneumoniae was detected in 64 samples from 62 subjects: 58 (90.6%) blood; 4 (6.3%) cerebrospinal fluid; and 2 (3.1%) pleural fluid. Incidence rate of IPD (culture- and polymerase chain reaction-positive) for all children aged 28 days to <36 months was 57.5/100,000; overall incidence for culture-positive only was 54.9/100,000. Age stratification of culture-positive-only subjects found the highest rates were, 114.6/100,000 and 69.8/100,000, respectively, for the 6 months to <12 months and 12 months to <24 months age groups. The overall incidence of invasive pneumonia and pneumococcal meningitis was 37.2/100,000 and 5.3/100,000, respectively. The most common IPD serotypes were 14 (45.0%), 6B (13.3%), 18C (6.7%), and 23F (5.0%). Eight isolates (13.3%) were penicillin nonsusceptible. The cumulative percentages of serotypes included in 7-valent, 10-valent, and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines were 78.3%, 80.0%, and 88.3%, respectively. The overall incidence of clinical pneumonia and CXR+Pn was, 9598/100,000 and 3428/100,000, respectively. CXR+Pn rates for hospitalized and non-hospitalized subjects were 1751/100,000 and 1677/100,000, respectively. The burden of IPD and pneumonia is considerable in children in a large Brazilian city, and is seen in hospitalized as well as ambulatory subjects. Vaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines has the potential to decrease this burden. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jped
                Jornal de Pediatria
                J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)
                Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria (Porto Alegre )
                1678-4782
                April 2015
                : 91
                : 2
                : 130-135
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal do Paraná Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal do Paraná Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade Positivo Brazil
                Article
                S0021-75572015000200130
                10.1016/j.jped.2014.07.002
                25451210
                3466a5c2-f903-4c28-95fa-a93336efe611

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0021-7557&lng=en
                Categories
                PEDIATRICS

                Pediatrics
                Streptococcus pneumoniae,Pneumococcal meningitis,Invasive pneumococcal disease,Vaccines,Meningite pneumocócica,Doença pneumocócica invasiva,Vacinas

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