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      Impact of the pneumococcal 10-valent vaccine on reducing hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia in children Translated title: Impacto da vacina antipneumocócica 10-valente na redução de hospitalização por pneumonia adquirida na comunidade em crianças

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          Abstract

          Objective:

          To describe and analyze the occurrence of hospitalizations for community-acquired pneumonia in children before and after the pneumococcal 10-valent conjugate vaccine implementation into the National Immunization Program.

          Methods:

          This is an ecological study that includes records of children younger than one year old, vaccinated and not vaccinated with the pneumococcal 10-valent conjugate vaccine in the periods pre- and post-inclusion of the vaccine in the National Immunization Program in the area covered by the Regional Health Superintendence of Alfenas, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Vaccination was considered as the exposure factor and hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia as the endpoint, using secondary annual data by municipality. The prevalence ratio and its 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were used to verify the association between variables. The Z test was used to calculate the difference between proportions.

          Results:

          Considering the 26 municipalities of the Regional Health Superintendence of Alfenas, there was a significant reduction in hospitalizations for community-acquired pneumonia in children younger than one year of age, with prevalence ratio (PR)=0.81 (95%CI: 0.74-0.89; p<0.05), indicating a 19% lower prevalence of hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia in the post-vaccination period.

          Conclusions:

          The results suggest the effectiveness of the pneumococcal 10-valent conjugate vaccine in preventing severe cases of community-acquired pneumonia in children younger than one year of age.

          Resumo

          Objetivo:

          Descrever e analisar a ocorrência de internações por pneumonia adquirida na comunidade em crianças antes e após a implantação, no Programa Nacional de Imunização, da vacina pneumocócica 10-valente (conjugada).

          Métodos:

          Trata-se de um estudo ecológico que incluiu registros de crianças menores de um ano, vacinadas e não vacinadas com a vacina antipneumocócica 10-valente conjugada, no período pré e pós-inclusão da vacina no Programa Nacional de Imunização na área de abrangência da Superintendência Regional de Saúde de Alfenas, MG, Brasil. A vacinação foi considerada como fator de exposição e a hospitalização por pneumonia adquirida na comunidade como desfecho, com o uso de dados anuais secundários por município. Para verificar a associação entre as variáveis foi empregada a razão de prevalência e seu intervalo de confiança 95% (IC95%). Para o cálculo de diferença entre proporções empregou-se o teste Z.

          Resultados:

          Considerando os 26 municípios da Superintendência Regional de Saúde de Alfenas, houve redução significativa do número de hospitalização por pneumonia adquirida na comunidade em crianças abaixo de um ano, com razão de prevalência (RP)=0,81 (IC95% 0,74-0,89; p<0,05), o que indica uma prevalência de internação por pneumonia adquirida na comunidade 19% menor no período pós-vacinal.

          Conclusões:

          Os resultados sugerem a efetividade da vacina pneumocócica 10-valente (conjugada) na prevenção de casos graves da pneumonia adquirida na comunidade em crianças menores de um ano.

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          Most cited references38

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          Effectiveness of ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease in Brazil: a matched case-control study.

          In March 2010, Brazil introduced the ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10), which was licensed based on non-inferiority of immunological correlates of protection compared with the seven-valent vaccine. The schedule comprised three primary doses at ages 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months, and a booster dose at age 12 months. A single catch-up dose was offered for children aged 12-23 months at the time of introduction. We assessed PCV10 effectiveness against invasive pneumococcal disease in Brazilian children. Invasive pneumococcal disease, defined as isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or another normally sterile site, was identified in children age-eligible for at least one PCV10 dose through laboratory-based and hospital-based surveillance in ten states in Brazil from March 1, 2010, until Dec 31, 2012. We aimed to identify four age-matched and neighbourhood-matched controls for each case. We used conditional logistic regression and calculated PCV10 effectiveness as (1-adjusted matched odds ratio) × 100% for vaccine-type and vaccine-related serotypes (ie, in the same serogroup as a vaccine serotype). In 316 cases (median age 13·2 months, range 2·6-53·1) and 1219 controls (13·3 months, 2·6-53·1), the adjusted effectiveness of an age-appropriate PCV10 schedule was 83·8% (95% CI 65·9-92·3) against vaccine serotypes, and 77·9% (41·0-91·7) against vaccine-related serotypes. Serotype-specific effectiveness was shown for the two most common vaccine serotypes-14 (87·7%, 60·8-96·1) and 6B (82·8%, 23·8-96·1)-and serotype 19A (82·2%, 10·7-96·4), a serotype related to vaccine serotype 19F. A single catch-up dose in children aged 12-23 months was effective against vaccine-type disease (68·0%, 17·6-87·6). No significant effectiveness was shown against non-vaccine serotypes for age-appropriate or catch-up schedules. In the routine immunisation programme in Brazil, PCV10 prevents invasive disease caused by vaccine serotypes. PCV10 might provide cross-protection against some vaccine-related serotypes. Brazilian Ministry of Health, Pan-American Health Organization, and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Effect of 10-Valent Pneumococcal Vaccine on Pneumonia among Children, Brazil

            Pneumonia is most problematic for children in developing countries. In 2010, Brazil introduced a 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) to its National Immunization Program. To assess the vaccine’s effectiveness for preventing pneumonia, we analyzed rates of hospitalization among children 2–24 months of age who had pneumonia from all causes from January 2005 through August 2011. We used data from the National Hospitalization Information System to conduct an interrupted time-series analysis for 5 cities in Brazil that had good data quality and high PCV10 vaccination coverage. Of the 197,975 hospitalizations analyzed, 30% were for pneumonia. Significant declines in hospitalizations for pneumonia were noted in Belo Horizonte (28.7%), Curitiba (23.3%), and Recife (27.4%) but not in São Paulo and Porto Alegre. However, in the latter 2 cities, vaccination coverage was less than that in the former 3. Overall, 1 year after introduction of PCV10, hospitalizations of children for pneumonia were reduced.
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              Impact of 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) on childhood pneumonia hospitalizations in Brazil two years after introduction.

              Pneumococcal disease is a major public health problem worldwide. From March to September of 2010, 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) was introduced in the Brazilian childhood National Immunization Program (NIP) in all 27 Brazilian states. The aim of the present study is to report national time-trends in incidence of hospital admissions for childhood pneumonia in Brazil before and after two years of introduction of this new pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Paul Pediatr
                Rev Paul Pediatr
                rpp
                Revista Paulista de Pediatria
                Sociedade de Pediatria de São Paulo
                0103-0582
                1984-0462
                Oct-Dec 2016
                Oct-Dec 2016
                : 34
                : 4
                : 418-424
                Affiliations
                [a ]Superintendência Regional de Saúde de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
                [b ]Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
                Author notes
                [* ] Corresponding author. E-mails: altacilio@ 123456fmrp.usp.br , altacilio@ 123456gmail.com (A.A. Nunes).

                Conflicts of interest

                The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

                Article
                10.1016/j.rppede.2016.03.008
                5176061
                27108092
                ca6d6c89-9e90-4bf2-985d-513bf702afe0
                © 2016 Sociedade de Pediatria de São Paulo. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 19 October 2015
                : 14 February 2016
                Categories
                Original Articles

                pneumonia,streptococcus pneumoniae,immunization,pneumococcal vaccine,hospitalization,child

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