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      Abordaje inmunológico del síndrome por deleción 22q11 Translated title: Immunological approaches to 22q11 deletion syndrome

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          Abstract

          El síndrome por deleción 22q11 (SD22q11) es el síndrome por deleción cromosómica más frecuente en humanos y se caracteriza por la tríada clínica que incluye cardiopatía congénita, hipocalcemia e inmunodeficiencia primaria. El 85-90% de los pacientes tienen microdeleciones en el cromosoma 22q11.2. Tomando como punto cardinal la cardiopatía congénita, se diseñó una estrategia para tamización y diagnóstico de SD22q11 con énfasis en la evaluación inmune. Es imprescindible realizar una historia clínica detallada y, posteriormente, un análisis cuantitativo y funcional de las subpoblaciones de linfocitos en sangre periférica para clasificarlo en SD22q11 completo (<1%) o parcial (95-99%) e instaurar las pautas de tratamiento en aspectos como: aislamiento del paciente, vacunación, profilaxis contra microorganismos oportunistas, uso de productos sanguíneos irradiados y reconstitución inmunológica. Sin embargo, el abordaje del paciente debe ser multidisciplinario para detectar y prevenir complicaciones a largo plazo que pueden ser graves, especialmente en los pacientes con SD22q11 completo.

          Translated abstract

          In humans, 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is considered the most common chromosome deletion syndrome. It is characterised by a clinical triad that includes congenital heart disease, hypocalcaemia and primary immunodeficiency. Approximately 85-90% of patients with this syndrome exhibit microdeletions in chromosome 22q11.2. Using congenital heart disease as a starting point, we designed a strategy for the screening and diagnosis of 22q11DS with an emphasis on immunological evaluation. A detailed clinical history and the subsequent quantitative and functional analyses of the lymphocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood is crucial to classify as complete (<1%) or partial (95-99%) the disease and to guide clinicians in terms of patient isolation, vaccination, prophylaxis for opportunistic infections, use of irradiated blood products and immunological reconstitution. However, multidisciplinary care is necessary to detect and prevent long-term complications that could be severe, particularly in cases of complete 22q11DS.

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          Most cited references54

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          Practical guidelines for managing patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

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            Establishing diagnostic criteria for severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), leaky SCID, and Omenn syndrome: the Primary Immune Deficiency Treatment Consortium experience.

            The approach to the diagnosis of severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) and related disorders varies among institutions and countries.
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              Review of 54 patients with complete DiGeorge anomaly enrolled in protocols for thymus transplantation: outcome of 44 consecutive transplants.

              The purpose of this study was to characterize a large group of infants with complete DiGeorge anomaly and to evaluate the ability of thymus transplantation to reconstitute immune function in these infants. DiGeorge anomaly is characterized by varying defects of the heart, thymus, and parathyroid glands. Complete DiGeorge anomaly refers to the subgroup that is athymic (< 1%). The characteristics of 54 subjects at presentation and results from 44 consecutive thymus transplantations are reported. Remarkably, only 52% had 22q11 hemizygosity and only 57% had congenital heart disease requiring surgery. Thirty-one percent developed an atypical phenotype with rash and lymphadenopathy. To date, 33 of 44 subjects who received a transplant survive (75%) with post-transplantation follow-up as long as 13 years. All deaths occurred within 12 months of transplantation. All 25 subjects who were tested 1 year after transplantation had developed polyclonal T-cell repertoires and proliferative responses to mitogens. Adverse events developing after transplantation included hypothyroidism in 5 subjects and enteritis in 1 subject. In summary, diagnosis of complete DiGeorge anomaly is challenging because of the variability of presentation. Thymus transplantation was well tolerated and resulted in stable immunoreconstitution in these infants.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                inf
                Infectio
                Infect.
                Asociación Colombiana de Infectología. (Bogotá, Distrito Capital, Colombia )
                0123-9392
                January 2016
                : 20
                : 1
                : 53-55
                Affiliations
                [04] orgnameClínica CardioVID
                [05] Antioquia orgnameFundación Medellín orgdiv1Hospital Universitario San Vicente Colombia
                [03] orgnameHospital Pablo Tobón Uribe
                [02] orgnameUniversidad de Antioquia orgdiv1Grupo Pediaciencias
                [01] orgnameUniversidad de Antioquia orgdiv1Grupo de Inmunodeficiencias Primarias
                Article
                S0123-93922016000100009 S0123-9392(16)02000109
                10.1016/j.infect.2015.07.002
                34204c98-4ae2-4275-aebb-2d0febd23a27

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 25 March 2015
                : 31 July 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 54, Pages: 3
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI: Texto completo solamente en formato PDF (ES)
                Categories
                Artículo de revisión

                22q11 deletion syndrome,Congenital heart disease,Immunodeficiency,Congenital lymphopaenia,Thymic hypoplasia,Thymic aplasia,Síndrome de DiGeorge,Síndrome por deleción 22q11,Cardiopatía troncoconal,Inmunodeficiencia,Linfopenia congénita,Hipoplasia tímica,Aplasia tímica,DiGeorge syndrome

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