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      Synergistic and stepwise treatment of resveratrol and catechol in Haematococcus pluvialis for the overproduction of biomass and astaxanthin

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          Abstract

          To increase the production of biomass and astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis to meet the high market demand for astaxanthin, this study recruited two typical and negligible phytohormones (namely resveratrol and catechol) for the stepwise treatments of H. pluvialis. It was found that the hybrid and sequential treatments of resveratrol (200 μmol) and catechol (100 μmol) had achieved the maximum astaxanthin content at 33.96 mg/L and 42.99 mg/L, respectively. Compared with the hybrid treatment, the physiological data of H. pluvialis using the sequential strategy revealed that the enhanced photosynthetic performance via the Calvin cycle by RuBisCO improved the biomass accumulation during the macrozooid stage; meanwhile, the excessive ROS production had occurred to enhance astaxanthin production with the help of NADPH overproduction during the hematocyst stage. Overall, this study provides improved knowledge of the impacts of phytohormones in improving biomass and astaxanthin of H. pluvialis, which shed valuable insights for advancing microalgae-based biorefinery.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13068-024-02527-z.

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          PLANT MITOCHONDRIA AND OXIDATIVE STRESS: Electron Transport, NADPH Turnover, and Metabolism of Reactive Oxygen Species.

          Ian M. Moller (2001)
          The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as O2- and H2O2, is an unavoidable consequence of aerobic metabolism. In plant cells the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is a major site of ROS production. In addition to complexes I-IV, the plant mitochondrial ETC contains a non-proton-pumping alternative oxidase as well as two rotenone-insensitive, non-proton-pumping NAD(P)H dehydrogenases on each side of the inner membrane: NDex on the outer surface and NDin on the inner surface. Because of their dependence on Ca2+, the two NDex may be active only when the plant cell is stressed. Complex I is the main enzyme oxidizing NADH under normal conditions and is also a major site of ROS production, together with complex III. The alternative oxidase and possibly NDin(NADH) function to limit mitochondrial ROS production by keeping the ETC relatively oxidized. Several enzymes are found in the matrix that, together with small antioxidants such as glutathione, help remove ROS. The antioxidants are kept in a reduced state by matrix NADPH produced by NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase and non-proton-pumping transhydrogenase activities. When these defenses are overwhelmed, as occurs during both biotic and abiotic stress, the mitochondria are damaged by oxidative stress.
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            Quantitative analysis of major plant hormones in crude plant extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

            Xuemin Wang, X. Pan, Ruth Welti (2010)
            The ability to measure plant hormones quantitatively is important as plant hormones regulate plant growth, development and response to biotic and abiotic cues. In this protocol, we describe the quantitative analysis of major plant hormones from crude plant extracts. Plant hormones are determined using reverse-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring. The method provides quantification of most major plant hormones in a single run from 50 mg of fresh plant tissue. Extraction and quantitative analysis of 40 samples takes 2-3 d.
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              Endogenous salicylic acid protects rice plants from oxidative damage caused by aging as well as biotic and abiotic stress.

              Yinong Yang, Min Qi, Chuansheng Mei (2004)
              Salicylic acid (SA) is a key endogenous signal that mediates defense gene expression and disease resistance in many dicotyledonous species. In contrast to tobacco and Arabidopsis, which contain low basal levels of SA, rice has two orders of magnitude higher levels of SA and appears to be insensitive to exogenous SA treatment. To determine the role of SA in rice plants, we have generated SA-deficient transgenic rice by expressing the bacterial salicylate hydroxylase that degrades SA. Depletion of high levels of endogenous SA in transgenic rice does not measurably affect defense gene expression, but reduces the plant's capacity to detoxify reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI). SA-deficient transgenic rice contains elevated levels of superoxide and H2O2, and exhibits spontaneous lesion formation in an age- and light-dependent manner. Exogenous application of SA analog benzothiadiazole complements SA deficiency and suppresses ROI levels and lesion formation. Although an increase of conjugated catechol was detected in SA-deficient rice, catechol does not appear to significantly affect ROI levels based on the endogenous catechol data and exogenous catechol treatment. When infected with the blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea), SA-deficient rice exhibits increased susceptibility to oxidative bursts elicited by avirulent isolates. Furthermore, SA-deficient rice is hyperresponsive to oxidative damage caused by paraquat treatment. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that SA plays an important role to modulate redox balance and protect rice plants from oxidative stress.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Xiang Wang: xiangwang@jnu.edu.cn
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod
                Title: Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2731-3654
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 June 2024
                Publication date PMC-release: 14 June 2024
                Publication date Collection: 2024
                Volume: 17
                Electronic Location Identifier: 80
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, ( https://ror.org/02xe5ns62) Guangzhou, 510632 China
                [2 ]GRID grid.35030.35, ISNI 0000 0004 1792 6846, School of Energy and Environment, , City University of Hong Kong, ; Hong Kong, China
                Article
                Publisher ID: 2527
                DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02527-z
                PMC ID: 11177449
                PubMed ID: 38877488
                SO-VID: 3391541b-dbcb-40aa-830a-8730ded5358b
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2024
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 12 January 2024
                Date accepted : 2 June 2024
                Funding
                Funded by: General Research Fund (GRF) from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
                Award ID: 11302223
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation
                Award ID: 2023A1515012314
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation
                Award ID: 202201010263
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2024

                Keywords: haematococcus pluvialis,astaxanthin,resveratrol,catechol,stepwise cultivation strategies
                Data availability:
                Keywords: haematococcus pluvialis, astaxanthin, resveratrol, catechol, stepwise cultivation strategies

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