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      PsychoPy—Psychophysics software in Python

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          Abstract

          The vast majority of studies into visual processing are conducted using computer display technology. The current paper describes a new free suite of software tools designed to make this task easier, using the latest advances in hardware and software. PsychoPy is a platform-independent experimental control system written in the Python interpreted language using entirely free libraries. PsychoPy scripts are designed to be extremely easy to read and write, while retaining complete power for the user to customize the stimuli and environment.

          Tools are provided within the package to allow everything from stimulus presentation and response collection (from a wide range of devices) to simple data analysis such as psychometric function fitting. Most importantly, PsychoPy is highly extensible and the whole system can evolve via user contributions. If a user wants to add support for a particular stimulus, analysis or hardware device they can look at the code for existing examples, modify them and submit the modifications back into the package so that the whole community benefits.

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          Most cited references4

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          Pixel independence: measuring spatial interactions on a CRT display.

          D. Pelli (1997)
          The standard working assumption of careful CRT imaging is that each pixel is imaged independently, through a point nonlinearity (the monitor's gamma function, relating screen luminance to input voltage), and then blurred by the point-spread function of the beam spot on the phosphor. Unfortunately most monitors have inadequate video bandwidth, DC restoration, and high-voltage regulation to live up to this ideal model. Two tests are recommended for assessing a CRT's deviation from the pixel-independence model.
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            Raster-scan cathode-ray tubes for vision research--limits of resolution in space, time and intensity, and some solutions.

            Raster-based cathode-ray tubes (CRTs) are increasingly used for stimulus presentation. While very flexible, their design based on consumer electronics can limit their value in vision research. Here their limitations of resolution in time, space, intensity and wavelength are systematically compiled. Often, ingenious ideas can circumvent such limitations for specific experiments. Some ad-hoc solutions, as well as the more general techniques of dithering and anti-aliasing, are presented.
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              P31 phosphor persistence at photopic mean luminance level.

              P31 phosphor screens are frequently used for short-term presentation of dot and grating patterns, but experimental data obtained with this technique have been criticized because of possible parasitic effects of phosphor persistence on subjects visual performance. Recently, this issue provoked a controversial discussion in Vision Research (Groner et al., 1993; Westheimer, 1993, 1994; Irwin, 1994; Di Lollo et al., 1994) which was concerned with persistence effects of P31 screens for dot patterns. Supplementing this discussion, the present work deals with the effects of different types of patterns (dot pattern vs. gratings) and background mean-luminance levels (scotopic vs. phototopic) on phosphor persistence. Physical measurements of P31 persistence occurring with grating patterns of a mean luminance of 20 cd m-2 (i.e. photopic range) were obtained by using an extremely linear photometer with high temporal resolution. Under this photopic condition, the measurements demonstrate a fast decay of residual grating contrast to 1.4% of its original value within 50 ms after pattern offset. This phosphor behavior must be considered when designing an experiment with a P31 screen though it certainly embodies no problems in many applications.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Neurosci Methods
                J. Neurosci. Methods
                Journal of Neuroscience Methods
                Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press
                0165-0270
                1872-678X
                15 May 2007
                15 May 2007
                : 162
                : 1-2
                : 8-13
                Affiliations
                Nottingham Visual Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
                Author notes
                [* ]Tel.: +44 115 8467176. jon@ 123456peirce.org.uk
                Article
                NSM4438
                10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.11.017
                2018741
                17254636
                31dcc5c9-3be9-4a53-9190-1060de8564ad
                © 2007 Elsevier B.V.

                This document may be redistributed and reused, subject to certain conditions.

                History
                : 14 September 2006
                : 13 November 2006
                : 30 November 2006
                Categories
                Article

                Neurosciences
                psychophysics,stimulus presentation,vision,software,psychometric
                Neurosciences
                psychophysics, stimulus presentation, vision, software, psychometric

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