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      The Relationships between Physical Activity and Life Satisfaction and Happiness among Young, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults

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          Abstract

          Physical activity has benefits on physical and psychological health. The aims of this study were to investigate (1) the relationships between physical activity and life satisfaction and happiness in young, middle-aged, and older adults while controlling for demographic characteristics, and (2) the relationships between age and life satisfaction and happiness for different physical activity levels. A total of 2345 healthy adults were recruited. Demographic characteristic, physical activity, life satisfaction, and happiness were collected. Participants were divided into young, middle-aged, and older adult groups based on age, and physical activity was categorized as high, moderate, and low. After controlling for demographic characteristics, participants with high and moderate activity levels had significantly higher life satisfaction and happiness than those with a low activity level across the total population and the three age groups. Age squared was a significant predictor of a positive curvilinear between age and life satisfaction and happiness. Physical activity was significantly related to life satisfaction and happiness in young, middle-aged, and older adults. In addition, life satisfaction and happiness increased with increasing age. The results support the promotion of physical activity.

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          Assessing the validity of single-item life satisfaction measures: results from three large samples.

          Felix Cheung, Richard E Lucas (2014)
          The present paper assessed the validity of single-item life satisfaction measures by comparing single-item measures to the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS)-a more psychometrically established measure.
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            The influence of physical activity on mental well-being.

            Kenneth Fox (1999)
            The case for exercise and health has primarily been made on its impact on diseases such coronary heart disease, obesity and diabetes. However, there is a very high cost attributed to mental disorders and illness and in the last 15 years there has been increasing research into the role of exercise a) in the treatment of mental health, and b) in improving mental well-being in the general population. There are now several hundred studies and over 30 narrative or meta-analytic reviews of research in this field. These have summarised the potential for exercise as a therapy for clinical or subclinical depression or anxiety, and the use of physical activity as a means of upgrading life quality through enhanced self-esteem, improved mood states, reduced state and trait anxiety, resilience to stress, or improved sleep. The purpose of this paper is to a) provide an updated view of this literature within the context of public health promotion and b) investigate evidence for physical activity and dietary interactions affecting mental well-being. Narrative review and summary. Sufficient evidence now exists for the effectiveness of exercise in the treatment of clinical depression. Additionally, exercise has a moderate reducing effect on state and trait anxiety and can improve physical self-perceptions and in some cases global self-esteem. Also there is now good evidence that aerobic and resistance exercise enhances mood states, and weaker evidence that exercise can improve cognitive function (primarily assessed by reaction time) in older adults. Conversely, there is little evidence to suggest that exercise addiction is identifiable in no more than a very small percentage of exercisers. Together, this body of research suggests that moderate regular exercise should be considered as a viable means of treating depression and anxiety and improving mental well-being in the general public.
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              MEASURING HAPPINESS WITH A SINGLE-ITEM SCALE

              Ahmed M Abdel-Khalek (2006)
              This study examined the accuracy of measuring happiness by a single item (Do you feel happy in general?) answered on an 11-point scale (0–10). Its temporal stability was 0.86. The correlations between the single item and both the Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI; Argyle, Martin, & Lu, 1995; Hills & Argyle, 1998) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985; Pavot & Diener, 1993) were highly significant and positive, denoting good concurrent validity. Moreover, the single item had a good convergent validity because it was highly and positively correlated with optimism, hope, self-esteem, positive affect, extraversion, and self-ratings of both physical and mental health. Furthermore, the divergent validity of the single item has been adequately demonstrated through its significant and negative correlations with anxiety, pessimism, negative affect, and insomnia. It was concluded that measuring happiness by a single item is reliable, valid, and viable in community surveys as well as in cross-cultural comparisons.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijerph
                Title: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Print): 1661-7827
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-4601
                Publication date (Electronic): 04 July 2020
                Publication date (Print): July 2020
                Volume: 17
                Issue: 13
                Electronic Location Identifier: 4817
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Tribal Health Center, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi 600, Taiwan; cych07065@ 123456gmail.com
                [2 ]Department of Community Health, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi 600, Taiwan; 07125@ 123456cych.org.tw (W.C.); 05791@ 123456cych.org.tw (H.-F.Y.)
                [3 ]Health Business Development Center, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi 600, Taiwan; cych13649@ 123456gmail.com
                [4 ]Clinical Medicine Research Center, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi 600, Taiwan; cych13198@ 123456gmail.com
                [5 ]Institute of Gerontology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
                Author notes
                [†]

                Hsin-Yu An and Wei Chen had the equal contribution as the co-first authors.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7932-2405
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijerph-17-04817
                DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134817
                PMC ID: 7369812
                PubMed ID: 32635457
                SO-VID: 319c6589-9e77-4584-9eaf-e35c7d2f2dc3
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 11 June 2020
                Date accepted : 03 July 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: exercise,happiness,life satisfaction,life span,physical activity subjective well-being
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: exercise, happiness, life satisfaction, life span, physical activity subjective well-being

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