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      Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by Efficient Near-Infrared Sunlight Harvesting using Upconverting Y 2O 3:Er 3+/Yb 3+ Phosphor Nanoparticles

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          Abstract

          We report the efficiency enhancement in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) using Er 3+/Yb 3+-co-doped Y 2O 3 (i.e., Y 2O 3:Er 3+/Yb 3+) phosphor nanoparticles, prepared by a simple and cost-effective urea-based homogeneous precipitation method, for efficient near-infrared (NIR) sunlight harvesting. Under the light excitation at a wavelength of 980 nm, the as-prepared samples exhibited strong upconversion emissions at green and red visible wavelengths. To investigate the influence of Y 2O 3:Er 3+/Yb 3+ nanoparticles on the photovoltaic performance of DSSCs, the phosphor nanoparticles were incorporated into titanium dioxide films to form a composite photoelectrode. For the resulting DSSCs, the increased power conversion efficiency ( PCE) of 6.68 % was obtained mainly by the increased photocurrent of J SC = 13.68 mA/cm 2 due to the light harvesting enhancement via the NIR-to-visible upconversion process (cf., PCE = 5.94 %, J SC = 12.74 mA/cm 2 for the reference DSSCs without phosphor nanoparticles), thus, indicating the PCE increment ratio of ~12.4 %.

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          Rapid planetesimal formation in turbulent circumstellar discs

          Anders Johansen, Jeffrey S. Oishi, Mordecai-Mark Mac Low … (2007)
          The initial stages of planet formation in circumstellar gas discs proceed via dust grains that collide and build up larger and larger bodies (Safronov 1969). How this process continues from metre-sized boulders to kilometre-scale planetesimals is a major unsolved problem (Dominik et al. 2007): boulders stick together poorly (Benz 2000), and spiral into the protostar in a few hundred orbits due to a head wind from the slower rotating gas (Weidenschilling 1977). Gravitational collapse of the solid component has been suggested to overcome this barrier (Safronov 1969, Goldreich & Ward 1973, Youdin & Shu 2002). Even low levels of turbulence, however, inhibit sedimentation of solids to a sufficiently dense midplane layer (Weidenschilling & Cuzzi 1993, Dominik et al. 2007), but turbulence must be present to explain observed gas accretion in protostellar discs (Hartmann 1998). Here we report the discovery of efficient gravitational collapse of boulders in locally overdense regions in the midplane. The boulders concentrate initially in transient high pressures in the turbulent gas (Johansen, Klahr, & Henning 2006), and these concentrations are augmented a further order of magnitude by a streaming instability (Youdin & Goodman 2005, Johansen, Henning, & Klahr 2006, Johansen & Youdin 2007) driven by the relative flow of gas and solids. We find that gravitationally bound clusters form with masses comparable to dwarf planets and containing a distribution of boulder sizes. Gravitational collapse happens much faster than radial drift, offering a possible path to planetesimal formation in accreting circumstellar discs.
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            The Dicke Quantum Phase Transition with a Superfluid Gas in an Optical Cavity

            Ferdinand Brennecke, Tilman Esslinger, Christine Guerlin … (2009)
            A phase transition describes the sudden change of state in a physical system, such as the transition between a fluid and a solid. Quantum gases provide the opportunity to establish a direct link between experiment and generic models which capture the underlying physics. A fundamental concept to describe the collective matter-light interaction is the Dicke model which has been predicted to show an intriguing quantum phase transition. Here we realize the Dicke quantum phase transition in an open system formed by a Bose-Einstein condensate coupled to an optical cavity, and observe the emergence of a self-organized supersolid phase. The phase transition is driven by infinitely long-ranged interactions between the condensed atoms. These are induced by two-photon processes involving the cavity mode and a pump field. We show that the phase transition is described by the Dicke Hamiltonian, including counter-rotating coupling terms, and that the supersolid phase is associated with a spontaneously broken spatial symmetry. The boundary of the phase transition is mapped out in quantitative agreement with the Dicke model. The work opens the field of quantum gases with long-ranged interactions, and provides access to novel quantum phases.
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              Enhancing solar cell efficiency: the search for luminescent materials as spectral converters.

              Xiaoyong Huang, Sanyang Han, Wei Huang … (2013)
              Photovoltaic (PV) technologies for solar energy conversion represent promising routes to green and renewable energy generation. Despite relevant PV technologies being available for more than half a century, the production of solar energy remains costly, largely owing to low power conversion efficiencies of solar cells. The main difficulty in improving the efficiency of PV energy conversion lies in the spectral mismatch between the energy distribution of photons in the incident solar spectrum and the bandgap of a semiconductor material. In recent years, luminescent materials, which are capable of converting a broad spectrum of light into photons of a particular wavelength, have been synthesized and used to minimize the losses in the solar-cell-based energy conversion process. In this review, we will survey recent progress in the development of spectral converters, with a particular emphasis on lanthanide-based upconversion, quantum-cutting and down-shifting materials, for PV applications. In addition, we will also present technical challenges that arise in developing cost-effective high-performance solar cells based on these luminescent materials.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Peng Du: dp2007good@sina.com
                Joo Ho Lim: dlaxpavmffj@khu.ac.kr
                Jung Woo Leem: jwleem@khu.ac.kr
                Sung Min Cha: bryce@khu.ac.kr
                Jae Su Yu: +82-31-201-3820 , jsyu@khu.ac.kr
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nanoscale Res Lett
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nanoscale Res Lett
                Title: Nanoscale Research Letters
                Publisher: Springer US (New York )
                ISSN (Print): 1931-7573
                ISSN (Electronic): 1556-276X
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 August 2015
                Publication date PMC-release: 12 August 2015
                Publication date Collection: 2015
                Volume: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: 321
                Affiliations
                Department of Electronics and Radio Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701 Republic of Korea
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1030
                DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-1030-0
                PMC ID: 4531884
                PubMed ID: 26264686
                SO-VID: 31684045-709a-4f28-bbd9-7bfd41452680
                Copyright © © Du et al. 2015
                License:

                Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                Date received : 8 July 2015
                Date accepted : 30 July 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Nano Express
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2015

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nanomaterials
                Keywords: upconversion,rare-earth,luminescence,dye-sensitized solar cells
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nanomaterials
                Keywords: upconversion, rare-earth, luminescence, dye-sensitized solar cells

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