Contaminación de los Parques Públicos de la Localidad de Suba, Bogotá con Nemátodos Zoonóticos

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Abstract

Objetivo Establecer la presencia en los suelos de parques públicos de la localidad de Suba en la ciudad de Bogotá, de nemátodos gastrointestinales zoonóticos durante el periodo comprendido entre Julio de 2005 y Junio de 2006. Metodología A través de una sedimentación inicial en suelo y posterior flotación con solución de Sheather, fue posible determinar la presencia de huevos, larvas y ooquistes de varios parásitos gastrointestinales, algunos de ellos responsables de importantes enfermedades zoonóticas. Resultados Se identificados parásitos en 376 muestras que fueron descritos como huevos de Ancylostoma spp 10,7 %, larvas de Ancylostoma spp 0,6 %, huevos de Toxocara spp 5,4 %, huevos de Strongyloides spp 3,3 %, huevos de Dipylidium spp 0,1 % y ooquistes de Sarcocystis spp 0,1 %. Otros parásitos identificados fueron huevos de Toxascaris spp 0,9 %, huevos de Spirocerca spp 0,3 %, ooquistes de Isospora spp 0,3 %. No fue posible clasificar algunas larvas y huevos en 522 muestras; no hubo evidencia de parásitos en 702 muestras 45 %. El 94,2 % (n=49) de los parques estaban contaminados. Conclusiones Lo anterior, indica que dichos parques constituyen un factor de riesgo para la adquisición de enfermedades parasitarias en los animales y los seres humanos. Debido a la relevancia de este problema de Salud Pública, es necesario instaurar políticas gubernamentales, involucrando la comunidad, educando las familias para mejorar sus prácticas sanitarias en lugares recreacionales con relación a la tenencia adecuada de los animales domésticos (mascotas).

Translated abstract

Objective Establishing the presence of zoonotic gastrointestinal nematodosin soil samples in recreational areas in Suba (one of the largest localities of Bogotá , Colombia ) between July 2005 and June 2006. Methodology The presence of several gastrointestinal parasites' eggs, larvae and oocysts were determined by initial soil sedimentation and later flotation with Sheather solution; some of them were responsible for important zoonotic diseases affecting the human population. Results Parasites were identified in 376 samples: Ancylostoma larvae (10,7 %), Ancylostoma eggs (0,6 %), Toxocara eggs (5,8 %), Strongyloides eggs (3,3 %), Dipylidium eggs (0,06 %) and Sarcocystis oocysts (0,06 %). Other parasites identified were Toxascaris eggs (0,9 %), Spirocerca eggs (0,25 %) and Isospora oocysts (0,25 %). Some larvae and eggs present in 522 samples could not be classified and there was no evidence of parasites in 702 samples (45 %). 94,2 %, (n=49) of the recreational area was thus polluted. Conclusions The high percentage of recreational areas so polluted indicated that these places would constitute a risk factor for the transmission of parasitic diseases to animals and human beings. Due to this sanitary problem's relevance in public health programmes, government policy must be determined involving communities so that people are educated to improve their sanitary practices in recreational places regarding caring for their pets.

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Most cited references 44

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Emerging parasite zoonoses associated with water and food.

Theresa R Slifko, Huw V. Smith, Joan Rose (2000)

The environmental route of transmission is important for many protozoan and helminth parasites, with water, soil and food being particularly significant. Both the potential for producing large numbers of transmissive stages and their environmental robustness, being able to survive in moist microclimates for prolonged periods of time, pose a persistent threat to public and veterinary health. The increased demands on natural resources increase the likelihood of encountering environments and produce contaminated with parasites. For waterborne diseases, the protozoa, Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Toxoplasma, are the most significant causes, yet, with the exception of Toxoplasma, the contribution of zoonotic transmission remains unclear due to the absence of 'standardised' methods. The microsporidia have been documented in one waterborne outbreak, but the role of animals as the cause of contamination was not elucidated. In foods, surface contamination is associated with the faecal-oral pathogens, and some data are available to indicate that animal wastes remain an important source of contamination (e.g. cattle faeces and apple cider outbreaks), however, further work should focus on examining the source of contamination on fruit and vegetables. Increasing recognition of the burden of human fascioliasis has occurred; it is now recognised as an emerging zoonosis by the WHO. Toxoplasma, Trichinella and Taenia spp. remain important meatborne parasites, however, others, including Pleistophora-like microsporidians may be acquired from raw or lightly cooked fish or crustaceans. With increased international travel, the public health importance of the foodborne trematodiases must also be realised. Global sourcing of food, coupled with changing consumer vogues, including the consumption of raw vegetables and undercooking to retain the natural taste and preserve heat-labile nutrients, can increase the risk of foodborne transmission. A greater awareness of parasite contamination of our environment and its impact on health has precipitated the development of better detection methods. Robust, efficient detection, viability and typing methods are required to assess risks and to further epidemiological understanding.

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The role of companion animals in the emergence of parasitic zoonoses.

I.D. Robertson, P.J. Irwin, A.J. Lymbery … (2000)

Pets offer individuals and the community significant benefits, however cognisance must be taken of the potential for transmission of infectious agents from these animals to humans. The prevalence of many parasites, such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium, has increased over the past few decades while others, such as Toxocara and Ancylostoma, have decreased. These changes could be real, associated with the ready availability of efficacious anthelmintic products or could be artificial due to the type of surveys conducted, the animals surveyed and the diagnostic tests used. Immunocompromised people, in particular, must be aware of the potential risk of acquiring parasitic infections from their pets. However, with the adoption of good hygiene and a thorough knowledge of the transmission of these parasites, immunocompromised people should be able to continue to enjoy the significant benefits of pet ownership. As many owners are not aware of the zoonotic parasites that could be carried by their pets or their mode of transmission, it is concluded that veterinarians need to play a greater role in the education of their clients.