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      Invasive infections by group A Streptococcus infections in Brazil: a pediatric case series Translated title: Infecções invasivas por estreptococo do grupo A no Brasil: uma série de casos pediátricos

      case-report
      a , b , b , a , b , b , b , c , b , b , b , b , * , b , a , b
      Revista Paulista de Pediatria
      Sociedade de Pediatria de São Paulo
      Streptococcus pyogenes, Group A streptococcal infection, Pediatrics, Infectious diseases, Streptococcus pyogenes, Infecção estreptocócica do Grupo A, Pediatria, Doenças infecciosas

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          ABSTRACT

          Objective:

          Group A Streptococcus (GAS) are Gram-positive cocci that colonize the nasopharynx and/or skin and in rare cases may cause severe invasive infections. Although these infections decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic, some countries have observed an increased number of invasive GAS (iGAS) diseases in recent years. The objective of this study was to describe a series of iGAS diseases in a referral hospital for the treatment of pediatric infectious disease in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, between September 2022 and August 2023. The data were obtained from medical records, and GAS was isolated from blood, pleural, cerebrospinal, or joint fluid.

          Case description:

          A total of nine patients, four male and five female, between eight months and ten years of age, were admitted. Of the patients observed, three (33%) had pneumonia, three (33%) had toxic shock syndrome, three (33%) had septic arthritis, one (11%) had osteomyelitis, two (22%) had meningitis, and two (22%) cellulitis. The majority of patients (5) experienced complications, including pleural effusion, septic shock, cerebral vasculitis, and limb amputations. In total, seven (75%) patients were admitted to the intensive care unit, and one patient died.

          Comments:

          It is important to be aware of the possibility of S. pyogenes infection in children with pulmonary, neurological, osteoarticular, skin infections or in severe cases of septic shock. Given the absence of specific clinical signs, epidemiological data showing an increase in the local incidence of S. pyogenes infections is of great importance and should serve as an alert for the diagnosis of the disease.

          RESUMO

          Objetivo:

          Streptococcus do grupo A (SGA) são cocos gram-positivos que colonizam a nasofaringe e/ou a pele e em casos raros podem causar infecções graves. Embora essas infecções tenham diminuído durante a pandemia da COVID-19, alguns países observaram um aumento no número de doenças invasivas pelo SGA nos últimos anos. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever uma série de doenças invasivas pelo S. pyogenes em crianças internadas em um hospital de referência para tratamento de doenças infecciosas em Minas Gerais, Brasil, entre setembro de 2022 e agosto de 2023. Os dados foram obtidos dos prontuários médicos. O SGA foi isolado do sangue, líquido pleural, cerebrospinal ou fluido articular.

          Descrição do caso:

          O total de nove pacientes, quatro do sexo masculino e cinco do sexo feminino, com idade entre oito meses e dez anos, foram admitidos. Ao todo, três (33%) tiveram pneumonia, três (33%) síndrome do choque tóxico, três (33%) artrite séptica, um (11%) osteomielite, dois (22%) meningite e dois (22%) celulite. A maioria dos pacientes (5) apresentou complicações, incluindo derrame pleural, choque séptico, vasculite cerebral e amputações de membros. Ao todo, sete (75%) pacientes foram admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva, e um paciente morreu.

          Comentários:

          É importante estar atento à possibilidade de infeção por S. pyogenes em crianças com infecções pulmonares, neurológicas, osteoarticulares, cutâneas ou em casos graves de choque séptico. Diante da ausência de sinais clínicos específicos, dados epidemiológicos que demonstrem o aumento da incidência da doença são de grande importância e devem servir de alerta para o diagnóstico da doença.

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          Most cited references30

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          Managing bone and joint infection in children.

          There is little high quality evidence on which to base the management of bone and joint infections in children. This pragmatic practice note aims to provide a consensus framework of best current practice prior to the availability of data from large national randomised controlled trials. For straightforward infection in previously normal children, recent trends suggest that shorter length of intravenous therapy with switch to oral treatment is acceptable, although this is not the case for the management of complex infections including those with multifocal disease, significant bone destruction, resistant or unusual pathogens, sepsis or in immunosuppressed children. Flowsheets for management based on the evidence reviewed are presented.
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            Increase in Invasive Group a Streptococcal Infections in Children in the Netherlands, A Survey Among 7 Hospitals in 2022

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              Review of 17 Cases of Pneumonia Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes

                Streptococcus pyogenes is an uncommon cause of community-acquired pneumonia and there have been few recent specific accounts of the condition. To describe the current nature of this disease in the UK, data was gathered on patients with clinical pneumonia from whom Streptococcus pyogenes was cultured principally from blood or other relevant normally sterile sites. In the Harrogate and Northallerton districts of North Yorkshire, pneumonia accounted for nine (20%) cases and a quarter of all deaths in a complete sequence of 45 patients with Streptococcus pyogenes bacteraemia detected during the 16-year-period 1981–1996. An analysis is presented of those cases together with eight recent cases from counties York, Durham and Isle of Wight during 1995–1997. Of the total 17 cases, nine occurred in women and eight in men; the age range was 30–92 years. The organism was isolated from blood culture in 15 (88%) patients. Eight (47%) patients died, five within 1 day of hospitalisation. Fourteen (82%) cases occurred in the winter months October to March, including all the fatal cases and all eight in which a clinical 'viral' prodrome was observed. Predisposing medical or surgical conditions were present in 65% of the patients. Major complications included septicaemia, pleural reaction, shock, pulmonary cavitation, osteomyelitis and metastatic abscesses. Seven serotypes of Streptococcus pyogenes were encountered, with M-type 1 predominating (the cause in 60% of cases). All infections were community acquired; two small clusters of fatal pneumonia were seen.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Data analysisRole: Manuscript writingRole: Manuscript revision
                Role: Data analysisRole: Manuscript writingRole: Manuscript revision
                Role: Data analysisRole: Manuscript writingRole: Manuscript revision
                Role: Data analysisRole: Manuscript writingRole: Manuscript revision
                Role: Study designRole: Data analysisRole: Manuscript writingRole: Manuscript revisionRole: Study supervision
                Role: Data analysisRole: Manuscript writingRole: Manuscript revision
                Role: Study designRole: Study supervision
                Role: Data analysisRole: Manuscript writingRole: Manuscript revision
                Role: Data analysisRole: Manuscript writingRole: Manuscript revision
                Role: Data analysisRole: Manuscript writingRole: Manuscript revision
                Role: Data analysisRole: Manuscript writingRole: Manuscript revision
                Role: Data analysisRole: Manuscript writingRole: Manuscript revision
                Role: Data analysisRole: Manuscript writingRole: Manuscript revision
                Role: Data collectionRole: Data analysisRole: Manuscript writingRole: Manuscript revision
                Role: Study designRole: Data analysisRole: Manuscript writingRole: Manuscript revisionRole: Study supervision
                Journal
                Rev Paul Pediatr
                Rev Paul Pediatr
                rpp
                Revista Paulista de Pediatria
                Sociedade de Pediatria de São Paulo
                0103-0582
                1984-0462
                20 December 2024
                2025
                : 43
                : e2024100
                Affiliations
                [a ]Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Hospital Infantil João Paulo II, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
                [b ]Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
                [c ]Faculdade Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: E-mail: renataavendanha@ 123456gmail.com (R. A. Avendanha)

                Editor-in-chief: Ruth Guinsburg

                Executive editor: Gil Guerra Jr

                Reviewers: Raiane Chamon and Vera Bain

                Conflict of interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9737-1806
                https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1308-9140
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7111-940X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3117-8162
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3319-7597
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4115-2348
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1660-0751
                https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3749-9093
                https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1119-7443
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6049-4688
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0291-6616
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4983-3527
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1583-5022
                https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2011-371X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7802-4377
                Article
                00604
                10.1590/1984-0462/2025/43/2024100
                11654909
                2f29a767-664b-4e9c-ba4d-62fee6d2b6e9
                © 2024 Sociedade de Pediatria de São Paulo.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license

                History
                : 25 April 2024
                : 17 September 2024
                Page count
                Tables: 02, References: 25
                Categories
                Case Report

                streptococcus pyogenes,group a streptococcal infection,pediatrics,infectious diseases,infecção estreptocócica do grupo a,pediatria,doenças infecciosas

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