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      Alimentação do recém-nascido pré-termo: métodos alternativos de transição da gavagem para o peito materno Translated title: The feeding of preterm newborns: alternative methods for the transition from tube-feeding to breastfeeding

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          Abstract

          O objetivo deste trabalho foi revisar os métodos de alimentação mais utilizados na transição da gavagem para o peito materno em recém-nascidos pré-termo. A pesquisa foi realizada nas bases de dados: Lilacs, Medline, SciElo, no período de 1994 a 2007. Foram selecionados quatro artigos, considerando apenas os estudos randomizados (três dos quais também controlados). A literatura pesquisada descreve alguns desses métodos de transição da alimentação: mamadeira e copinho. Os estudos demonstram que os bebês que utilizaram copinho apresentaram melhores resultados em relação à estabilidade fisiológica (freqüência cardíaca e saturação de oxigênio) e ao impacto no aleitamento materno exclusivo na alta hospitalar. Devido à escassez de estudos na literatura e aos problemas metodológicos encontrados, faz-se necessária a realização de mais estudos para comparar a utilização dos métodos de transição da alimentação em recém-nascidos pré-termo.

          Translated abstract

          This study investigates the methods normally used to effect the transition from tube-feeding to full breastfeeding in preterm infants. The information was gathered from papers catalogued in the Lilacs, Medline, and SciElo databases, between 1994 and 2007. Four articles were selected and only randomized studies considered (three of them, being controlled). The literature describes a number of methods used to effect the transition from tube-feeding to full breastfeeding: bottle-feeding and cup-feeding. The studies demonstrate that the babies who used cup-feeding obtained better results in relation to physiological stability (cardiac frequency and oxygen saturation) and to the impact on full breastfeeding on being discharged from hospital. Given the scarcity of studies in the literature and the methodological problems found, it is clear that more studies need to be carried out to compare the alternative methods used for the preterm feeding plan.

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          Most cited references15

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          A review of the literature examining the benefits and challenges, incidence and duration, and barriers to breastfeeding in preterm infants.

          Breastfeeding benefits preterm infants from a nutritional, gastrointestinal, immunological, developmental, and psychological perspective. Despite the benefits, the incidence and duration of breastfeeding preterm infants continues to be less than that of full-term infants. The lower incidence is probably related to breastfeeding challenges that preterm infants and parents face, including establishing and maintaining a milk supply and transitioning from gavage feeding to breastfeeding. In order to increase the incidence and duration of breastfeeding preterm infants, researchers must examine breastfeeding experiences longitudinally. This way, researchers and clinicians can begin to understand the barriers to breastfeeding at various time periods in the breastfeeding experience and begin implementing strategies to remove these barriers.
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            Nipple confusion: toward a formal definition.

            The purposes of this article are to introduce a formal definition of nipple confusion and to propose various hypotheses concerning its cause. The term nipple confusion refers to an infant's difficulty in achieving the correct oral configuration, latching technique, and suckling pattern necessary for successful breast-feeding after bottle feeding or other exposure to an artificial nipple. Many early breast-feeding failures are attributed to nipple confusion, although scientific data are lacking to document its prevalence, the mechanisms involved, or various factors that predispose an infant to this phenomenon. Two classifications of nipple confusion are recommended to distinguish the impact of artificial nipples during the newborn period from their influence after breast-feeding is well established. Maternal and infant risk factors making an infant more susceptible to nipple confusion are discussed. Future studies are planned to help elucidate the nature of nipple confusion and identify the circumstances under which infants are most vulnerable to this phenomenon. Meanwhile, it would seem prudent for clinicians to identify newborns at risk for nipple confusion and to minimize the use of bottle feedings in such babies. Medically indicated supplements in the early days of life could be provided by alternative methods, such as cup, spoon, or dropper feeding, until breast-feeding can be established.
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              Effect of bottles, cups, and dummies on breast feeding in preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial.

              To determine the effect of artificial teats (bottle and dummy) and cups on breast feeding in preterm infants. Randomised controlled trial. Two large tertiary hospitals, 54 peripheral hospitals. 319 preterm infants (born at 23-33 weeks' gestation) randomly assigned to one of four groups: cup/no dummy (n = 89), cup/dummy (n = 72), bottle/no dummy (n = 73), bottle/dummy (n = 85). Women with singleton or twin infants < 34 weeks' gestation who wanted to breastfeed were eligible to participate. Cup or bottle feeding occurred when the mother was unable to be present to breast feed. Infants randomised to the dummy groups received a dummy on entry into the trial. Full breast feeding (compared with partial and none) and any breast feeding (compared with none) on discharge home. prevalence of breast feeding at three and six months after discharge and length of hospital stay. 303 infants (and 278 mothers) were included in the intention to treat analysis. There were no significant differences for any of the study outcomes according to use of a dummy. Infants randomised to cup feeds were more likely to be fully breast fed on discharge home (odds ratio 1.73, 95% confidence interval 1.04 to 2.88, P = 0.03), but had a longer length of stay (hazard ratio 0.71, 0.55 to 0.92, P = 0.01). Dummies do not affect breast feeding in preterm infants. Cup feeding significantly increases the likelihood that the baby will be fully breast fed at discharge home, but has no effect on any breast feeding and increases the length of hospital stay.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbsmi
                Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil
                Rev. Bras. Saude Mater. Infant.
                Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (Recife, PR, Brazil )
                1519-3829
                1806-9304
                March 2008
                : 8
                : 1
                : 11-16
                Affiliations
                [02] Recife PE orgnameUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco orgdiv1Departamento de Nutrição Brasil mosorio@ 123456ufpe.br
                [01] Recife PE orgnameUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco Brasil
                Article
                S1519-38292008000100002 S1519-3829(08)00800102
                2e95d6e7-7cc1-4f07-a2b7-2aeddf260ade

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 10 July 2006
                : 17 November 2007
                : 06 October 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 17, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Revisão

                Premature,Copinho,Mamadeira,Métodos de alimentação,Prematuro,Cup feeding,Bottle feeding,Feeding methods

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