The potential application of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19

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Abstract

Background

Given the severe infection, poor prognosis, and the low number of available effective drugs, potential prevention and treatment strategies for COVID-19 need to be urgently developed.

Main body

Herein, we present and discuss the possible protective and therapeutic mechanisms of human microbiota and probiotics based on the previous and recent findings. Microbiota and probiotics consist of mixed cultures of living microorganisms that can positively affect human health through their antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effect. In the current study, we address the promising advantages of microbiota and probiotics in decreasing the risk of COVID-19.

Conclusions

Thus, we recommend further studies be conducted for assessing and evaluating the capability of these microbes in the battle against COVID-19.

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Most cited references 81

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Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19

Aakriti Gupta, Mahesh Madhavan, Kartik Sehgal … (2020)

Although COVID-19 is most well known for causing substantial respiratory pathology, it can also result in several extrapulmonary manifestations. These conditions include thrombotic complications, myocardial dysfunction and arrhythmia, acute coronary syndromes, acute kidney injury, gastrointestinal symptoms, hepatocellular injury, hyperglycemia and ketosis, neurologic illnesses, ocular symptoms, and dermatologic complications. Given that ACE2, the entry receptor for the causative coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, is expressed in multiple extrapulmonary tissues, direct viral tissue damage is a plausible mechanism of injury. In addition, endothelial damage and thromboinflammation, dysregulation of immune responses, and maladaptation of ACE2-related pathways might all contribute to these extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Here we review the extrapulmonary organ-specific pathophysiology, presentations and management considerations for patients with COVID-19 to aid clinicians and scientists in recognizing and monitoring the spectrum of manifestations, and in developing research priorities and therapeutic strategies for all organ systems involved.

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The COVID-19 Cytokine Storm; What We Know So Far

Dina Ragab, Haitham Salah Eldin, Mohamed Taeimah … (2020)

COVID-19 is a rapidly spreading global threat that has been declared as a pandemic by the WHO. COVID-19 is transmitted via droplets or direct contact and infects the respiratory tract resulting in pneumonia in most of the cases and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in about 15 % of the cases. Mortality in COVID-19 patients has been linked to the presence of the so-called “cytokine storm” induced by the virus. Excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines leads to ARDS aggravation and widespread tissue damage resulting in multi-organ failure and death. Targeting cytokines during the management of COVID-19 patients could improve survival rates and reduce mortality.

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Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis.

Aurelien Trompette, Eva Gollwitzer, Koshika Yadava … (2014)

Metabolites from intestinal microbiota are key determinants of host-microbe mutualism and, consequently, the health or disease of the intestinal tract. However, whether such host-microbe crosstalk influences inflammation in peripheral tissues, such as the lung, is poorly understood. We found that dietary fermentable fiber content changed the composition of the gut and lung microbiota, in particular by altering the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes. The gut microbiota metabolized the fiber, consequently increasing the concentration of circulating short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Mice fed a high-fiber diet had increased circulating levels of SCFAs and were protected against allergic inflammation in the lung, whereas a low-fiber diet decreased levels of SCFAs and increased allergic airway disease. Treatment of mice with the SCFA propionate led to alterations in bone marrow hematopoiesis that were characterized by enhanced generation of macrophage and dendritic cell (DC) precursors and subsequent seeding of the lungs by DCs with high phagocytic capacity but an impaired ability to promote T helper type 2 (TH2) cell effector function. The effects of propionate on allergic inflammation were dependent on G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41, also called free fatty acid receptor 3 or FFAR3), but not GPR43 (also called free fatty acid receptor 2 or FFAR2). Our results show that dietary fermentable fiber and SCFAs can shape the immunological environment in the lung and influence the severity of allergic inflammation.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Engy Elekhnawy:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8287-1026

Engy.elekhnawy2020@gmail.com , engy.ali@pharm.tanta.edu.eg

Journal

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Egypt J Med Hum Genet

Title: The Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )

ISSN (Print): 1110-8630

ISSN (Electronic): 2090-2441

Publication date (Electronic): 25 March 2022

Publication date PMC-release: 25 March 2022

Publication date (Print): 2022

Volume: 23

Issue: 1

Electronic Location Identifier: 36

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.412258.8, ISNI 0000 0000 9477 7793, Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, , Tanta University, ; El-Geish Street, Medical Campus, Tanta, 31111 Egypt

[2 ]GRID grid.412258.8, ISNI 0000 0000 9477 7793, Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, , Tanta University, ; Tanta, Egypt

Author information

Engy Elekhnawy http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8287-1026

Walaa A. Negm http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0463-8047

Article

Publisher ID: 252

DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00252-6

PMC ID: 8947857

PubMed ID: 37521842

SO-VID: 2dbd974c-7b9b-483c-9046-c94e3ea62503

License:

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Date received : 30 July 2021

Date accepted : 25 January 2022

Custom metadata

Keywords: antiviral,beneficial microbes,gut microbiota,immunomodulatory,probiotics

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Keywords: antiviral, beneficial microbes, gut microbiota, immunomodulatory, probiotics

The potential application of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19

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Abstract

Background

Main body

Conclusions

Related collections

Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID-19

Most cited references 81

Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19

The COVID-19 Cytokine Storm; What We Know So Far

Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis.

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Contributors

Journal

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Article

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