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      Spatial Distribution of Dicrocoelium in the Himalayan Ranges: Potential Impacts of Ecological Niches and Climatic Variables

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          Dicrocoeliosis can be an important cause of production loss in ruminants due to the cost of liver condemnation at slaughter. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of Dicrocoelium infection and to predict the ecological niches and climatic variables that support dicrocoeliosis in the Himalayan ranges of Pakistan.

          Methods and Results

          Dicrocoelium was detected in 33 of 381 liver samples and 238 of 6060 blood samples taken from sheep and goat herds in the area. The prevalence of dicrocoeliosis was higher in sheep than in goats and highest in females aged more than 3 years. An environmental risk map was created to predict active zones of transmission and showed the highest probability values in central parts of the Chitral district in the northwest of Pakistan. Climatic variables of the mean monthly diurnal temperature range (Bio2), annual precipitation (Bio12), and normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) were found to be significantly ( p < 0.05) associated with the presence of Dicrocoelium infection.

          Conclusion

          Together, the findings of this study demonstrate the most suitable ecological niches and climatic variables influencing the risk of dicrocoeliosis in the Himalayan ranges of Pakistan. The methods and results could be used as a reference to inform the control of dicrocoeliosis in the region.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11686-022-00634-1.

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          Most cited references36

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          A Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Quantitation of Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing the Principle of Protein-Dye Binding

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                kafshan@qau.edu.pk
                u.chaudhry@surrey.ac.uk
                Journal
                Acta Parasitol
                Acta Parasitol
                Acta Parasitologica
                Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                1230-2821
                1896-1851
                22 November 2022
                22 November 2022
                2023
                : 68
                : 1
                : 91-102
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.412621.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2215 1297, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, , Quaid-I-Azam University, ; Islamabad, 45320 Pakistan
                [2 ]GRID grid.5475.3, ISNI 0000 0004 0407 4824, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, , University of Surrey, ; Daphne Jackson Rd, Guildford, GU2 7AL UK
                [3 ]GRID grid.4305.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7988, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, , University of Edinburgh, ; Edinburgh, EH25 9RG UK
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0940-5250
                Article
                634
                10.1007/s11686-022-00634-1
                10011340
                36418764
                2cde61c7-ecb2-48b7-aa5f-e5a3deb4ddf7
                © The Author(s) 2022

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 21 April 2022
                : 24 October 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004253, Quaid-i-Azam University;
                Categories
                Original Paper
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences 2023

                dicrocoeliosis,himalayas range,ecological niches,climatic variables,sheep,goats

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