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      Evaluation of bioaccumulation of some heavy metals in liver flukes ( Fasciola hepatica and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) and liver samples of sheep

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          Abstract

          Different living organisms are used as applicable bioindicators to determine heavy metal pollutions. Recent studies have shown that helminths parasites can be used as efficient environmental sentinels. This study aimed to evaluate Fasciola hepatica and Dicrocoelium dendriticum as bioaccumulators of lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu). For this work. A total of 50 samples ( F. hepatica, D. dendriticum, and livers from the infected and uninfected sheep, each of 10 samples) were collected from sheep slaughtered in Tabriz abattoir. One gram of each sample was incinerated and analyzed by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The analysis of samples showed that Pb, Cr and Cu values in F. hepatica were higher than those in D. dendriticum, but only the differences of Pb and Cu were significant. The values of heavy metals in F. hepatica were significantly higher than those in the infected livers (except for Cd), while in D. dendriticum, Cr and Cd were only higher. Based on metal levels in livers, it was found that bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of Cr, Pb and Cu for F. hepatica were much more than one, and BCFs of these three metals between two flukes were statistically significant. This study indicated that F. hepatica had a higher bioindicator potential than D. dendriticum to evaluate environmental pollutants by some metals.

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          Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress.

          M Valko, H. Morris, M T D Cronin (2005)
          Metal-induced toxicity and carcinogenicity, with an emphasis on the generation and role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, is reviewed. Metal-mediated formation of free radicals causes various modifications to DNA bases, enhanced lipid peroxidation, and altered calcium and sulfhydryl homeostasis. Lipid peroxides, formed by the attack of radicals on polyunsaturated fatty acid residues of phospholipids, can further react with redox metals finally producing mutagenic and carcinogenic malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal and other exocyclic DNA adducts (etheno and/or propano adducts). Whilst iron (Fe), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), vanadium (V) and cobalt (Co) undergo redox-cycling reactions, for a second group of metals, mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni), the primary route for their toxicity is depletion of glutathione and bonding to sulfhydryl groups of proteins. Arsenic (As) is thought to bind directly to critical thiols, however, other mechanisms, involving formation of hydrogen peroxide under physiological conditions, have been proposed. The unifying factor in determining toxicity and carcinogenicity for all these metals is the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Common mechanisms involving the Fenton reaction, generation of the superoxide radical and the hydroxyl radical appear to be involved for iron, copper, chromium, vanadium and cobalt primarily associated with mitochondria, microsomes and peroxisomes. However, a recent discovery that the upper limit of "free pools" of copper is far less than a single atom per cell casts serious doubt on the in vivo role of copper in Fenton-like generation of free radicals. Nitric oxide (NO) seems to be involved in arsenite-induced DNA damage and pyrimidine excision inhibition. Various studies have confirmed that metals activate signalling pathways and the carcinogenic effect of metals has been related to activation of mainly redox-sensitive transcription factors, involving NF-kappaB, AP-1 and p53. Antioxidants (both enzymatic and non-enzymatic) provide protection against deleterious metal-mediated free radical attacks. Vitamin E and melatonin can prevent the majority of metal-mediated (iron, copper, cadmium) damage both in vitro systems and in metal-loaded animals. Toxicity studies involving chromium have shown that the protective effect of vitamin E against lipid peroxidation may be associated rather with the level of non-enzymatic antioxidants than the activity of enzymatic antioxidants. However, a very recent epidemiological study has shown that a daily intake of vitamin E of more than 400 IU increases the risk of death and should be avoided. While previous studies have proposed a deleterious pro-oxidant effect of vitamin C (ascorbate) in the presence of iron (or copper), recent results have shown that even in the presence of redox-active iron (or copper) and hydrogen peroxide, ascorbate acts as an antioxidant that prevents lipid peroxidation and does not promote protein oxidation in humans in vitro. Experimental results have also shown a link between vanadium and oxidative stress in the etiology of diabetes. The impact of zinc (Zn) on the immune system, the ability of zinc to act as an antioxidant in order to reduce oxidative stress and the neuroprotective and neurodegenerative role of zinc (and copper) in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease is also discussed. This review summarizes recent findings in the metal-induced formation of free radicals and the role of oxidative stress in the carcinogenicity and toxicity of metals.
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            Environmental parasitology: relevancy of parasites in monitoring environmental pollution.

            Bernd Sures (2004)
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              Can parasites really reveal environmental impact?

              Daniel Pech, Bernd Sures, S Thomas Purucker … (2010)
              This review assesses the usefulness of parasites as bioindicators of environmental impact. Relevant studies published in the past decade were compiled; factorial meta-analysis demonstrated significant effects and interactions between parasite levels and the presence and concentration of various pollutants and/or environmental stressors. These effects and interactions were also evident in subsets of studies that used different methods such as field surveys or experimental exposure. From this meta-analysis we conclude that parasites are useful bioindicators of environmental impact. Further, by examining aspects of study design, we put forward recommendations for the design of future studies to evaluate anthropogenic impact on host-parasite interactions and increase the efficiency of environmental monitoring programs. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vet Res Forum
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Vet Res Forum
                Journal ID (publisher-id): VRF
                Title: Veterinary Research Forum
                Publisher: Urmia University Press (Urmia, Iran )
                ISSN (Print): 2008-8140
                ISSN (Electronic): 2322-3618
                Publication date (Print): 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 December 2022
                Volume: 13
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 611-614
                Affiliations
                [1 ] MSc Graduate, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran;
                [2 ] Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence Abbas Imani Baran. DVM, PhD Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. E-mail: a.imani@tabrizu.ac.ir
                Article
                DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2020.135702.3043
                PMC ID: 9840797
                SO-VID: a505bb3e-746b-4633-9c71-6c15cf3172a8
                Copyright © © 2022 Urmia University. All rights reserved
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works for non-commercial purposes from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited properly. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/

                History
                Date received : 31 August 2020
                Date accepted : 8 November 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Short Communication

                Keywords: bioaccumulation,dicrocoelium dendriticum,fasciola hepatica,heavy metals,sheep
                Data availability:
                Keywords: bioaccumulation, dicrocoelium dendriticum, fasciola hepatica, heavy metals, sheep

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