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      Identification of QTL for kernel weight and size and analysis of the pentatricopeptide repeat ( PPR) gene family in cultivated peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)

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          Abstract

          Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oilseed crop worldwide. Improving its yield is crucial for sustainable peanut production to meet increasing food and industrial requirements. Deciphering the genetic control underlying peanut kernel weight and size, which are essential components of peanut yield, would facilitate high-yield breeding. A high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based linkage map was constructed using a recombinant inbred lines (RIL) population derived from a cross between the variety Yuanza9102 and a germplasm accession wt09-0023. Kernel weight and size quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were co-localized to a 0.16 Mb interval on Arahy07 using inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM). Analysis of SNP, and Insertion or Deletion (INDEL) markers in the QTL interval revealed a gene encoding a pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) superfamily protein as a candidate closely linked with kernel weight and size in cultivated peanut. Examination of the PPR gene family indicated a high degree of collinearity of PPR genes between A. hypogaea and its diploid progenitors, Arachis duranensis and Arachis ipaensis. The candidate PPR gene, Arahy.JX1V6X, displayed a constitutive expression pattern in developing seeds. These findings lay a foundation for further fine mapping of QTLs related to kernel weight and size, as well as validation of candidate genes in cultivated peanut.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-023-09568-y.

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          RSEM: accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome

          Background RNA-Seq is revolutionizing the way transcript abundances are measured. A key challenge in transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data is the handling of reads that map to multiple genes or isoforms. This issue is particularly important for quantification with de novo transcriptome assemblies in the absence of sequenced genomes, as it is difficult to determine which transcripts are isoforms of the same gene. A second significant issue is the design of RNA-Seq experiments, in terms of the number of reads, read length, and whether reads come from one or both ends of cDNA fragments. Results We present RSEM, an user-friendly software package for quantifying gene and isoform abundances from single-end or paired-end RNA-Seq data. RSEM outputs abundance estimates, 95% credibility intervals, and visualization files and can also simulate RNA-Seq data. In contrast to other existing tools, the software does not require a reference genome. Thus, in combination with a de novo transcriptome assembler, RSEM enables accurate transcript quantification for species without sequenced genomes. On simulated and real data sets, RSEM has superior or comparable performance to quantification methods that rely on a reference genome. Taking advantage of RSEM's ability to effectively use ambiguously-mapping reads, we show that accurate gene-level abundance estimates are best obtained with large numbers of short single-end reads. On the other hand, estimates of the relative frequencies of isoforms within single genes may be improved through the use of paired-end reads, depending on the number of possible splice forms for each gene. Conclusions RSEM is an accurate and user-friendly software tool for quantifying transcript abundances from RNA-Seq data. As it does not rely on the existence of a reference genome, it is particularly useful for quantification with de novo transcriptome assemblies. In addition, RSEM has enabled valuable guidance for cost-efficient design of quantification experiments with RNA-Seq, which is currently relatively expensive.
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            MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11

            The Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software has matured to contain a large collection of methods and tools of computational molecular evolution. Here, we describe new additions that make MEGA a more comprehensive tool for building timetrees of species, pathogens, and gene families using rapid relaxed-clock methods. Methods for estimating divergence times and confidence intervals are implemented to use probability densities for calibration constraints for node-dating and sequence sampling dates for tip-dating analyses. They are supported by new options for tagging sequences with spatiotemporal sampling information, an expanded interactive Node Calibrations Editor , and an extended Tree Explorer to display timetrees. Also added is a Bayesian method for estimating neutral evolutionary probabilities of alleles in a species using multispecies sequence alignments and a machine learning method to test for the autocorrelation of evolutionary rates in phylogenies. The computer memory requirements for the maximum likelihood analysis are reduced significantly through reprogramming, and the graphical user interface has been made more responsive and interactive for very big data sets. These enhancements will improve the user experience, quality of results, and the pace of biological discovery. Natively compiled graphical user interface and command-line versions of MEGA11 are available for Microsoft Windows, Linux, and macOS from www.megasoftware.net .
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              TBtools - an integrative toolkit developed for interactive analyses of big biological data

              The rapid development of high-throughput sequencing techniques has led biology into the big-data era. Data analyses using various bioinformatics tools rely on programming and command-line environments, which are challenging and time-consuming for most wet-lab biologists. Here, we present TBtools (a Toolkit for Biologists integrating various biological data-handling tools), a stand-alone software with a user-friendly interface. The toolkit incorporates over 130 functions, which are designed to meet the increasing demand for big-data analyses, ranging from bulk sequence processing to interactive data visualization. A wide variety of graphs can be prepared in TBtools using a new plotting engine ("JIGplot") developed to maximize their interactive ability; this engine allows quick point-and-click modification of almost every graphic feature. TBtools is platform-independent software that can be run under all operating systems with Java Runtime Environment 1.6 or newer. It is freely available to non-commercial users at https://github.com/CJ-Chen/TBtools/releases.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                huangbingyan@aliyun.com
                haasz@126.com
                Journal
                BMC Genomics
                BMC Genomics
                BMC Genomics
                BioMed Central (London )
                1471-2164
                28 August 2023
                28 August 2023
                2023
                : 24
                : 495
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.27871.3b, ISNI 0000 0000 9750 7019, College of Agriculture, , Nanjing Agricultural University, ; Nanjing, 210095 China
                [2 ]GRID grid.495707.8, ISNI 0000 0001 0627 4537, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Henan Institute of Crop Molecular Breeding/Shennong Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Planis, , Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crops Improvement, ; Zhengzhou, 450002 China
                [3 ]Shangqiu Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Shangqiu, 476002 China
                Article
                9568
                10.1186/s12864-023-09568-y
                10463326
                37641021
                2adaf676-3ef4-472f-bf0b-65a7de382a4b
                © BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2023

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                : 8 June 2023
                : 9 August 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: Henan Provincial R&D Projects of Interregional Cooperation for Local Scientific and Technological Development Guided by Central Government
                Award ID: YDZX20214100004191
                Funded by: National Key R &D Project
                Award ID: 2022YFD1200400
                Funded by: China Agriculture Research System
                Award ID: CARS-13
                Funded by: Major Science and Technology Projects of Henan Province
                Award ID: 201300111000
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2023

                Genetics
                peanut (arachis hypogaea l.),kernel weight,kernel size,qtls (quantitative trait loci),pentatricopeptide repeat (ppr)

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