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      CARBONO ORGÂNICO TOTAL E AGREGAÇÃO DO SOLO EM SISTEMA DE PLANTIO DIRETO AGROECOLÓGICO E CONVENCIONAL DE CEBOLA Translated title: TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON AND SOIL AGGREGATION UNDER A NO-TILLAGE AGROECOLOGICAL SYSTEM AND CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE SYSTEM FOR ONION

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          Abstract

          Decorrente dos sistemas de manejo empregados no solo, como o sistema de preparo convencional (SPC) versus o sistema de plantio direto de hortaliças (SPDH), modificações nos atributos edáficos ocorrem; por exemplo, nos índices de agregação do solo e seu teor de carbono orgânico total (COT). Objetivaram-se quantificar os teores de COT e avaliar os índices de agregação do solo e a distribuição dos agregados por classes de diâmetro sob cultivo de cebola em SPDH e SPC, comparados a uma área de mata adjacente em Ituporanga, SC. Os tratamentos constituíram-se da semeadura de plantas de cobertura, solteiras e consorciadas, em SPDH: vegetação espontânea (VE); 100 % aveia; 100 % centeio; 100 % nabo-forrageiro; consórcio de nabo-forrageiro (14 %) e centeio (86 %); e consórcio de nabo-forrageiro (14 %) e aveia (86 %). Adicionalmente, foram avaliadas uma área de cultivo de cebola em SPC por ±37 anos e uma área de mata (floresta secundária; ±30 anos), ambas adjacentes ao experimento. Em setembro de 2013, cinco anos após a implantação dos tratamentos com plantas de cobertura, foram coletadas amostras indeformadas do solo nas camadas de 0-5, 5-10 e 10-20 cm e separados os agregados para avaliar a estabilidade via úmida. Nos agregados, foi quantificado o COT; após a separação em classes de diâmetro (8,00 mm>Ø≥0,105 mm), calcularam-se o diâmetro médio ponderado (DMP) e o geométrico (DMG) dos agregados; a distribuição deles em macroagregados (Ø≥2,0 mm), mesoagregados (2,0>Ø≥0,25 mm) e microagregados (Ø<0,25 mm); e o seu índice de sensibilidade (IS). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e de componentes principais (ACP). Os maiores teores de COT foram encontrados na área de mata (52,83; 37,77; e 26,70 g kg-1, respectivamente para 0-5, 5-10 e 10-20 cm); e os menores, no SPC (18,23 g kg-1, 0-5 cm). Os tratamentos com plantas de cobertura, solteiras ou consorciadas, não apresentaram diferenças entre si (p≤0,05) para o COT, nem em relação à área testemunha (VE). O SPC apresentou os menores índices de DMP (3,425; 3,573; e 3,401 mm), DMG (2,438; 2,682; e 2,541 mm) e IS (0,77; 0,79; e 0,81), nas três camadas avaliadas. Para o DMP e DMG, não foram verificadas diferenças (p≤0,05) entre tratamentos no SPDH; porém, esses índices foram superiores aos do SPC; os de DMP, iguais aos da área de mata; e os de DMG, maiores na camada de 0-5 e 5-10 cm. Na camada de 10-20 cm, no SPDH, o tratamento com nabo-forrageiro apresentou maiores valores de DMP (4,520 mm), DMG (4,284 mm) e IS (1,07). Em relação à distribuição dos agregados por classes de diâmetro, o SPC evidenciou, respectivamente, os menores (14,22; 14,75; e 13,86 g) e maiores (4,94; 3,44; e 3,52 g/3,0; 3,0; e 3,76 g) valores para macro e meso/microagregados, enquanto o SPDH demonstrou maiores valores de macroagregados (médias de 19,90; 20,48; e 18,56 g) em comparação à mata (16,0; 16,31; e 15,47 g) e ao SPC (14,22; 14,75; e 13,86 g) nas três camadas avaliadas. O uso de plantas de cobertura, solteiras ou consorciadas, em SPD de cebola foi eficiente para recuperar e aumentar os teores de COT e os índices de DMP, DMG e IS em relação ao SPC; e, em comparação à área de mata, aumentou o DMG (0-5 e 5-10 cm). O nabo-forrageiro aumentou a agregação do solo (DMG e IS) na camada de 10-20 cm em relação aos demais tratamentos com plantas de cobertura. A ACP evidenciou a perda de COT e o aumento dos meso e microagregados no SPC, assim como a substituição do SPC por SPDH com plantas de cobertura elevou a formação de macroagregados estáveis em água, com posterior aumento do DMP, DMG e IS.

          Translated abstract

          As a result of soil management systems, like the conventional tillage system (CTS) versus the no-tillage system (NTS) for vegetable crops, modifications in soil properties occur, which change, for example, the rates of soil aggregation and the content of total organic carbon (TOC). The aim of this study was to quantify the TOC contents and evaluate the rates of soil aggregation and the distribution of aggregates by diameter classes in a soil planted to onion in NTS and CTS and compare them to an adjacent forest area in Ituporanga, Santa Catarina, Brazil. We evaluated the following treatments, which consisted of planting cover crops, alone and intercropped, in NTS: spontaneous vegetation (SV); 100 % oats; 100 % rye; 100 % wild radish; intercropping of wild radish (14 %) and rye (86 %); and intercropping of wild radish (14 %) and oats (86 %). We also evaluated an onion-growing area under CTS for ±37 years, and a forest area (secondary forest for ±30 years), both adjacent to the experimental area. In September 2013, five years after setting up treatments with cover crops, undisturbed soil samples were collected from the 0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm soil layers, and aggregates were separated to assess stability by the wet method. In the aggregates, we quantified TOC and, after separation into diameter classes (8.00 mm>Ø≥0.105 mm), we calculated the mean weighted diameter (MWD) and mean geometric diameter (MGD) of the aggregates, the distribution of the aggregates in macroaggregates (Ø≥2.0 mm), mesoaggregates (2.0>Ø≥0.25 mm), and microaggregates (Ø<0.25 mm), and the aggregate sensitivity index (SI). Data underwent analysis of variance and principal component analysis (PCA). The highest TOC contents were found in the forest area (52.83, 37.77, and 26.70 g kg1 for the depths of 0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm, respectively) and the lowest in the CTS (18.23 g kg-1, 0-5 cm). Treatments with cover crops, alone or intercropped, did not differ among themselves (p≤0.05) for TOC, or in relation to the control area (SV). The CTS had the lowest rates of MWD (3.425, 3.573, and 3.401 mm), MGD (2.438, 2.682, and 2.541 mm) and SI (0.77, 0.79, and 0.81) in the three layers evaluated. For MWD and MGD, differences were not observed (p≤0.05) among treatments in NTS, but these rates were higher than the rates of CTS; the MWD readings were equal to the forest area; and the MGD readings were higher in the 0-5 and 5-10 cm layers. In the 10-20 cm layer, in the NTS, treatment with wild radish showed higher values of MWD (4.520 mm), MGD (4.284 mm), and SI (1.07). Regarding the distribution of aggregates by diameter classes, the CTS showed the smallest (14.22, 14.75, and 13.86 g) values for macroaggregates, and largest (4.94, 3.44, and 3.2 g/3.0, 3.0, and 3.76 g) values for meso-/microaggregates, respectively. The NTS showed higher macroaggregate values (means of 19.90, 20.48, and 18.56 g) compared to the forest area (16.0, 16.31, and 15.47 g) and to the CTS (14.22, 14.75, and 13.86 g) in the three layers evaluated. The use of cover crops, alone or intercropped, in NTS of onion was quick in recovering and increasing the TOC and the MWD, MGD, and SI indices in relation to the CTS, and, compared to the forest area, the MGD increased (0-5 and 5-10 cm). Oilseed radish increased soil aggregation (MGD and SI) in the 10-20 cm layer compared to the other treatments with cover crops. The PCA showed loss of TOC, and increase in the meso- and microaggregates of CTS, just as the substitution of CTS for NTS with cover plants increased the formation of macroaggregates stable in water, with a subsequent increase in the MWD, MGD, and SI indices.

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          Most cited references55

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          Mycorrhizas and soil structure.

          In addition to their well-recognized roles in plant nutrition and communities, mycorrhizas can influence the key ecosystem process of soil aggregation. Here we review the contribution of mycorrhizas, mostly focused on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), to soil structure at various hierarchical levels: plant community; individual root; and the soil mycelium. There are a suite of mechanisms by which mycorrhizal fungi can influence soil aggregation at each of these various scales. By extension of these mechanisms to the question of fungal diversity, it is recognized that different species or communities of fungi can promote soil aggregation to different degrees. We argue that soil aggregation should be included in a more complete 'multifunctional' perspective of mycorrhizal ecology, and that in-depth understanding of mycorrhizas/soil process relationships will require analyses emphasizing feedbacks between soil structure and mycorrhizas, rather than a uni-directional approach simply addressing mycorrhizal effects on soils. We finish the discussion by highlighting new tools, developments and foci that will probably be crucial in further understanding mycorrhizal contributions to soil structure.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
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                Journal
                rbcs
                Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo
                Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo
                Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo (Viçosa )
                1806-9657
                August 2015
                : 39
                : 4
                : 1212-1224
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Brazil
                [3 ] Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina Brazil
                [4 ] AgroSup Dijon France
                [5 ] Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Brazil
                Article
                S0100-06832015000401212
                10.1590/01000683rbcs20140718
                2a35416b-30d2-4958-aefe-adb5684745e0

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0100-0683&lng=en
                Categories
                SOIL SCIENCE

                Soil
                no-tillage system for vegetables,cover crops,principal component analysis,sistema plantio direto de hortaliças,plantas de cobertura,índices de agregação,análise de componentes principais,aggregation index

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