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      Estudo comparativo da deglutição com nasofibrolaringoscopia e videodeglutograma em pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral Translated title: Comparison of functional endoscopic swallow study (FESS) vs. videofluoroscopy (VF) in patients with stroke

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          Abstract

          Os distúrbios da deglutição são bastante freqüentes nos pacientes neurológicos e naqueles com doenças ou seqüelas de cirurgia de cabeça e pescoço, sendo causa de importante morbidade e mortalidade. Apesar do videodeglutograma (VD) ser considerado o exame de escolha para a avaliação dos distúrbios da deglutição, este exame apresenta limitações em algumas situações clínicas, além de expor o doente à radiação e ao risco de aspiração do contraste. Em anos recentes, têm sido também utilizadas fibras ópticas flexíveis para avaliar os pacientes com disfagia e outras queixas relacionadas à deglutição. OBJETIVO: Análise comparativa entre os dados obtidos pela NFL e VD em relação a parâmetros estudados por ambos métodos. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Caso controle. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram avaliados prospectivamente 12 pacientes com seqüela de acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico, no período de janeiro a maio de 2002, por meio do estudo dinâmico da deglutição com nasofibrolaringoscopia (NFL) e VD, sendo os resultados comparados estatisticamente. RESULTADOS: Enquanto o VD permite a análise da fase preparatória oral e oral da deglutição e o início da fase faríngea, a NFL permite estudo da sensibilidade e mobilidade faringo-laríngea, além da visualização direta do alimento. Através do teste estatístico McNemar, nenhum dos parâmetros analisados apresentou divergência estatisticamente significante (p<0,05) quando comparados os resultados na NFL e VD. CONCLUSÕES: A análise comparativa entre os dados obtidos pelo NFL e VD em relação a parâmetros avaliados por ambos métodos, em pacientes com disfagia, mostraram não haver diferenças significativas entre eles.

          Translated abstract

          Patients with dysphagia present great morbidity and mortality, especially those with neurological disorders and/or head and neck surgery, thus warranting a detailed evaluation of swallowing. Videofluoroscopy has been considered the gold standard for evaluating swallowing disorders for many years; however, this test presents limitations in some clinical settings exposing patients to radiation and to the risk of contrast aspiration. In recent years, functional swallow studies using flexible endoscopy (FESS) have been proposed as a quick and highly sensitive way to evaluate patients with dysphagia. AIM: Comparative analysis between NFL and VD in relation to some parameters studied by both of them. STUDY DESIGN: Control study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twelve patients with sequelae of ischemic brain strokes were studied prospectively from January to May, 2002. All patients were submitted to VF and FESS with final statistical analysis of the results. RESULTS: VF is essential to evaluate the oral phase and micro aspirations, as well as the triggering of the swallow reflex in the pharyngeal phase. FESS may not visualize the triggering of the pharyngeal phase but is capable of testing the motility and sensibility of the larynx and it also allows direct vision of the food in the pharynx and/or larynx. No statistically significant difference was found for any of the parameters studied when comparing FESS and VF (McNemar test). CONCLUSION: The comparative analysis between the results of NFL and VD in patients with disphagia showed no significant differences between them.

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          Evaluation and treatment of swallowing disorders

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            Supraglottic and pharyngeal sensory abnormalities in stroke patients with dysphagia.

            Dysphagia and aspiration are two devastating sequelae of stroke, accounting for nearly 40,000 deaths from aspiration pneumonia each year in the United States. While motor deficits in the larynx and pharynx are thought responsible for dysphagia and aspiration in stroke patients, no prior study has evaluated whether these patients also have sensory deficits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensory capacity of the laryngopharynx (LP) in supratentorial or brain stem stroke patients who presented with dysphagia. Fifteen stroke patients (mean age, 66.7 +/- 13.8 [SD] years) were prospectively evaluated by means of our previously described method whereby air pulse stimuli were delivered via a flexible fiberoptic telescope to the mucosa innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve. There were 15 age-matched controls. No LP sensory deficits were found in any of the age-matched controls. In all stroke patients studied, either unilateral (n = 9) or bilateral (n = 6) sensory deficits were identified. Deficits were defined as either a moderate impairment in sensory discrimination thresholds (3.5 to 6.0 mm Hg) or a severe sensory impairment (> 6.0 mm Hg). These sensory discrimination thresholds were significantly greater than in age-matched controls (7.05 +/- 0.17 mm Hg for the supratentorial group and 6.05 +/- 1.22 mm Hg for the infratentorial group versus 2.61 +/- 0.69 mm Hg for the controls). Among patients with unilateral deficits, sensory thresholds were moderately to severely elevated in all 9 cases on the affected side compared with the unaffected side (p < .01, Fisher's exact test). Moreover, the sensory thresholds of the unaffected side were not significantly different from those of age-matched controls (2.51 +/- 0.25 mm Hg versus 2.61 +/- 0.69 mm Hg, respectively). All 6 patients with bilateral deficits had severe impairments. The results of an outcome assessment in 13 of 15 patients revealed that 2 out of 5 patients with moderate LP sensory impairment and 5 out of 8 with severe impairment developed aspiration. Our results show for the first time that stroke patients with dysphagia have significant sensory deficits in the LP and that these impairments are likely to contribute to the development of aspiration.
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              Prospective, randomized outcome study of endoscopy versus modified barium swallow in patients with dysphagia.

              J Aviv (2000)
              Aspiration pneumonia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both acute and long-term care settings While there are many reasons for patients to develop aspiration pneumonia, there exists a strong association between difficulty swallowing, or dysphagia, and the development of aspiration pneumonia The modified barium swallow test (MBS) and endoscopic evaluations of swallowing are considered to be the most comprehensive tests used to evaluate and manage patients with dysphagia in an effort to reduce the incidence of pneumonia. The purpose of this study was to provide an initial investigation of whether flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing (FEESST) or MBS is superior as the diagnostic test for evaluating and guiding the behavioral and dietary management of outpatients with dysphagia. FEESST combines the standard endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with a technique that determines laryngopharyngeal sensory discrimination thresholds by endoscopically delivering air pulse stimuli to the mucosa innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve. Randomized, prospective cohort outcome study in a hospital-based outpatient setting. One hundred twenty-six outpatients with dysphagia were randomly assigned to either FEESST or MBS as the diagnostic test used to guide dietary and behavioral management (postural changes, small bites and sips, throat clearing). The outcome variables were pneumonia incidence and pneumonia-free interval. The patients were enrolled for 1 year and followed for 1 year. Seventy-eight MBS examinations were performed in 76 patients with 14 patients (18.41%) developing pneumonia; 61 FEESST examinations were performed in 50 patients with 6 patients (12.0%) developing pneumonia These differences were not statistically significant (chi2 = 0.93, P = .33). In the MBS group the median pneumonia-free interval was 47 days; in the FEESST group the median pneumonia-free interval was 39 days Based on Wilcoxon's signed-rank test, this difference was not statistically significant (z = 0.04, P = .96). Whether dysphagic outpatients have their dietary and behavioral management guided by the results of MBS or of FEESST, their outcomes with respect to pneumonia incidence and pneumonia-free interval are essentially the same.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rboto
                Revista Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia
                Rev. Bras. Otorrinolaringol.
                ABORL-CCF Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial (São Paulo )
                0034-7299
                October 2003
                : 69
                : 5
                : 636-642
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo Brazil
                [2 ] Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo Brazil
                [3 ] Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo Brazil
                [4 ] Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0034-72992003000500008
                10.1590/S0034-72992003000500008
                309947de-c599-4f0e-ad5e-ddb328e27d1b

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0034-7299&lng=en
                Categories
                OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY

                Otolaryngology
                disfagia,nasofibrolaringoscopia,videodeglutograma,dysphagia,functional endoscopic swallow study,videofluoroscopy

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