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      An electrochemical immunosensor for the corona virus associated with the Middle East respiratory syndrome using an array of gold nanoparticle-modified carbon electrodes

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          Abstract

          The Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV) is highly pathogenic. An immunosensor for the determination of MERS-CoV is described here. It is based on a competitive assay carried out on an array of carbon electrodes (DEP) modified with gold nanoparticles. Recombinant spike protein S1 was used as a biomarker for MERS CoV. The electrode array enables multiplexed detection of different CoVs. The biosensor is based on indirect competition between free virus in the sample and immobilized MERS-CoV protein for a fixed concentration of antibody added to the sample. Voltammetric response is detected by monitoring the change in the peak current (typically acquired at a working potential of −0.05 V vs. Ag/AgCl) after addition of different concentrations of antigen against MERS-CoV. Electrochemical measurements using ferrocyanide/ferricyanide as a probe were recorded using square wave voltammetry (SWV). Good linear response between the sensor response and the concentrations from 0.001 to 100 ng.mL −1 and 0.01 to 10,000 ng.mL −1 were observed for MERS-CoV and HCoV, respectively. The assay was performed in 20 min with detection limit as low as 0.4 and 1.0 pg.mL −1 for HCoV and MERS-CoV, respectively. The method is highly selective over non-specific proteins such as Influenza A and B. The method is single-step, sensitive and accurate. It was successfully applied to spiked nasal samples.

          Graphical abstract

          An electrochemical immunoassay is described for the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (MERS-CoV). The method is based on a competitive assay carried out on a carbon array electrodes (DEP) nanostructured with gold nanoparticles. The array electrodes enable the multiplexed detection of different types of Corona Virus.

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          The online version of this article (10.1007/s00604-019-3345-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study

          Abdullah Assiri, Jaffar Al-Tawfiq, Abdullah A Al-Rabeeah … (2013)
          Summary Background Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a new human disease caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV). Clinical data on MERS-CoV infections are scarce. We report epidemiological, demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of 47 cases of MERS-CoV infections, identify knowledge gaps, and define research priorities. Methods We abstracted and analysed epidemiological, demographic, clinical, and laboratory data from confirmed cases of sporadic, household, community, and health-care-associated MERS-CoV infections reported from Saudi Arabia between Sept 1, 2012, and June 15, 2013. Cases were confirmed as having MERS-CoV by real-time RT-PCR. Findings 47 individuals (46 adults, one child) with laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV disease were identified; 36 (77%) were male (male:female ratio 3·3:1). 28 patients died, a 60% case-fatality rate. The case-fatality rate rose with increasing age. Only two of the 47 cases were previously healthy; most patients (45 [96%]) had underlying comorbid medical disorders, including diabetes (32 [68%]), hypertension (16 [34%]), chronic cardiac disease (13 [28%]), and chronic renal disease (23 [49%]). Common symptoms at presentation were fever (46 [98%]), fever with chills or rigors (41 [87%]), cough (39 [83%]), shortness of breath (34 [72%]), and myalgia (15 [32%]). Gastrointestinal symptoms were also frequent, including diarrhoea (12 [26%]), vomiting (ten [21%]), and abdominal pain (eight [17%]). All patients had abnormal findings on chest radiography, ranging from subtle to extensive unilateral and bilateral abnormalities. Laboratory analyses showed raised concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase (23 [49%]) and aspartate aminotransferase (seven [15%]) and thrombocytopenia (17 [36%]) and lymphopenia (16 [34%]). Interpretation Disease caused by MERS-CoV presents with a wide range of clinical manifestations and is associated with substantial mortality in admitted patients who have medical comorbidities. Major gaps in our knowledge of the epidemiology, community prevalence, and clinical spectrum of infection and disease need urgent definition. Funding None.
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            Family Cluster of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infections

            Ziad A. Memish, Alimuddin I. Zumla, Rafat F. Al-Hakeem … (2013)
            A human coronavirus, called the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), was first identified in September 2012 in samples obtained from a Saudi Arabian businessman who died from acute respiratory failure. Since then, 49 cases of infections caused by MERS-CoV (previously called a novel coronavirus) with 26 deaths have been reported to date. In this report, we describe a family case cluster of MERS-CoV infection, including the clinical presentation, treatment outcomes, and household relationships of three young men who became ill with MERS-CoV infection after the hospitalization of an elderly male relative, who died of the disease. Twenty-four other family members living in the same household and 124 attending staff members at the hospitals did not become ill. MERS-CoV infection may cause a spectrum of clinical illness. Although an animal reservoir is suspected, none has been discovered. Meanwhile, global concern rests on the ability of MERS-CoV to cause major illness in close contacts of patients.
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              Epidemiological investigation of MERS-CoV spread in a single hospital in South Korea, May to June 2015.

              Jung H Y Park, E. J. H. Lee, Y W Ryu … (2015)
              In this report, we describe 37 MERS-CoV infection cases (1 primary, 25 secondary, 11 tertiary cases) in a single hospital in South Korea. The median incubation period was six days (95% CI: 4–7 days) and the duration between suspected symptom onset and laboratory confirmation was 6.5 days (95% CI: 4–9). While incubation period was two days longer, the duration from suspected symptom onset to confirmation was shorter in tertiary compared with secondary infections.
              Article 0 comments Cited 133 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Shimaa Eissa:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5558-0060
                seissa@alfaisal.edu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mikrochim Acta
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mikrochim Acta
                Title: Mikrochimica Acta
                Publisher: Springer Vienna (Vienna )
                ISSN (Print): 0026-3672
                ISSN (Electronic): 1436-5073
                Publication date (Electronic): 7 March 2019
                Publication date (Print): 2019
                Volume: 186
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: 224
                Affiliations
                ISNI 0000 0004 1758 7207, GRID grid.411335.1, Department of Chemistry, , Alfaisal University, ; Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, AlTakhassusi Road, Riyadh, 11533 Saudi Arabia
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5558-0060
                Article
                Publisher ID: 3345
                DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3345-5
                PMC ID: 7088225
                PubMed ID: 30847572
                SO-VID: 2a0cb4f3-20e1-47f8-9db6-4eb7477a6744
                Copyright © © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2019
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Date received : 20 November 2018
                Date accepted : 27 February 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: Alfaisal university
                Award ID: 18420
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Original Paper
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2019

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Analytical chemistry
                Keywords: corona virus,voltammetry,array electrode,electrochemical biosensor,mers-cov,hcov,multiplexed biosensor,simultaneous detection,competitive immunosensor
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Analytical chemistry
                Keywords: corona virus, voltammetry, array electrode, electrochemical biosensor, mers-cov, hcov, multiplexed biosensor, simultaneous detection, competitive immunosensor

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