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      Additional treatment with mistletoe extracts for patients with breast cancer compared to conventional cancer therapy alone – efficacy and safety, costs and cost-effectiveness, patients and social aspects, and ethical assessment Translated title: Therapie mit Mistelextrakten bei Patientinnen mit Mammakarzinom als Ergänzung zur konventionellen Krebstherapie im Vergleich zur konventionellen Krebstherapie allein – medizinische Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit, Kosten und Kosteneffektivität, Patienten- und soziale Aspekte, ethische Bewertung

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          Abstract

          Background:

          Chemotherapy is often used in the treatment of breast cancer in women. Side effects such as diarrhea, fatigue, hair loss, fever or disturbances in blood formation impair the women’s quality of life. An essential treatment goal of the accompanying mistletoe therapy (MT) used in complementary medicine is to improve the health-related quality of life during cancer therapy.

          Aim and methods:

          The HTA report on which this article is based examines the medical efficacy and safety, costs and cost-effectiveness, patient and social aspects, and ethical aspects of MT in women with breast cancer. Systematic reviews were conducted for this purpose. The search period of the literature search ranged from 2004 to October 2020.

          Results:

          A total of 2 evidence-based medical guidelines, 3 randomized trials assessing efficacy and 1 additional non-randomized intervention trial, as well as 3 observational studies assessing safety, a cost analysis, 12 cross-sectional studies on patient aspects and 17 articles on ethical evaluation were included. Improvements in health-related quality of life compared to the control group were small to moderate. Due to the high risk of bias in the studies, it is possible that the difference is not caused by MT. One study with a small sample size showed no effect on progression-free survival after 5 years. Studies on the effect of MT on overall survival are lacking. In seven studies, local skin reactions of low and moderate severity were reported in a median of 25% (range 5 to 94%) of patients, and mild to moderate systemic reactions in a median of 2% (range 0 to 8%) of patients. A comparative cost analysis from Germany reported significantly lower medical costs within 5 years after surgery for patients with MT than for patients without MT, but the underlying observational study did not control for systematic bias. With regard to patient aspects, the frequency of use and the reasons for use from the patient’s or practitioner’s point of view were mainly investigated. A median of 25% (range 7 to 46%) of patients with breast cancer and 29% (range 29 to 79%) of treatment providers use MT. The main motivations of patients for use were to reduce side effects, strengthen the immune system and take an active role in the treatment process. Patients felt insufficiently advised. Studies on other aspects are lacking. The ethical evaluation was able to identify 6 overarching themes; the central challenge is the insufficient evidence on efficacy and safety.

          Zusammenfassung

          Hintergrund:

          Bei der Brustkrebsbehandlung von Frauen kommt häufig die Chemotherapie zum Einsatz. Nebenwirkungen wie Durchfall, Müdigkeit, Haarausfall, Fieber oder Störungen der Blutbildung beeinträchtigen die Lebensqualität der Frauen. Ein wesentliches Behandlungsziel der in der Komplementärmedizin eingesetzten begleitenden Misteltherapie (MT) ist es, die gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität während einer Krebstherapie zu verbessern.

          Ziel und Methoden:

          Der diesem Artikel zugrundeliegende HTA-Bericht untersucht die medizinische Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit, Kosten und Kosteneffektivität, die Patienten- und sozialen Aspekte sowie die ethischen Aspekte einer MT bei Frauen mit Brustkrebs. Hierzu wurden systematische Übersichtsarbeiten durchgeführt. Der Recherchezeitraum der Literatursuche reichte von 2004 bis Oktober 2020.

          Ergebnisse:

          Insgesamt wurden 2 evidenzbasierte medizinische Leitlinien, 3 randomisierte Studien zur Bewertung der Wirksamkeit und zusätzlich 1 nichtrandomisierte Interventionsstudie sowie 3 Beobachtungsstudien zur Bewertung der Sicherheit, eine Kostenanalyse, 12 Querschnittstudien zu Patientenaspekten und 17 Fachartikel zur ethischen Bewertung eingeschlossen. Verbesserungen der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität gegenüber der Kontrollgruppe waren gering bis moderat. Aufgrund des hohen Verzerrungsrisikos in den Studien ist es möglich, dass der Unterschied nicht durch die MT bedingt ist. Eine Studie mit kleiner Fallzahl zeigte nach 5 Jahren keinen Effekt auf das progressionsfreie Überleben. Studien zum Effekt der MT auf das Gesamtüberleben fehlen. In sieben Studien zeigten sich als Nebenwirkungen lokale Hautreaktionen geringen und mittleren Grads im Median bei 25% (Spannweite 5 bis 94%) der Patientinnen und leichte bis mittlere systemische Reaktionen im Median bei 2% (Spannweite 0 bis 8%) der Patientinnen. Eine vergleichende Kostenanalyse aus Deutschland berichtete wesentlich geringere Krankheitskosten innerhalb von 5 Jahren nach der Operation für Patientinnen mit MT als bei Patientinnen ohne MT, jedoch erfolgte in der zugrundeliegenden Beobachtungsstudie keinerlei Kontrolle für systematische Verzerrungen. Hinsichtlich Patientenaspekten wurde vor allem die Häufigkeit der Anwendung und die Gründe für die Anwendung aus Patientinnen- oder Behandelndensicht untersucht. Im Median wenden 25% (Spannweite 7 bis 46%) der Patientinnen mit Brustkrebs und 29% (Spannweite 29 bis 79%) der Behandelnden eine MT an. Hauptmotivation zur Nutzung waren die Reduktion von Nebenwirkungen, die Stärkung des Immunsystems, und eine aktive Rolle im Behandlungsprozess einzunehmen. Patientinnen fühlten sich ungenügend beraten. Zu weiteren Aspekten fehlen Studien. Die ethische Bewertung konnte 6 übergreifende Themen identifizieren; zentrale Herausforderung ist die unzureichende Evidenzlage zu Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit.

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          Most cited references81

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          AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care.

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            Interpreting the significance of changes in health-related quality-of-life scores.

            To determine the significance to patients of changes in health-related quality-of-life (HLQ) scores assessed by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ-C30).
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              The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) Measurement System: properties, applications, and interpretation

              The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) Measurement System is a collection of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) questionnaires targeted to the management of chronic illness. The measurement system, under development since 1987, began with the creation of a generic CORE questionnaire called the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G). The FACT-G (now in Version 4) is a 27-item compilation of general questions divided into four primary QOL domains: Physical Well-Being, Social/Family Well-Being, Emotional Well-Being, and Functional Well-Being. It is appropriate for use with patients with any form of cancer, and extensions of it have been used and validated in other chronic illness condition (e.g., HIV/AIDS; multiple sclerosis; Parkinson's disease; rheumatoid arthritis), and in the general population. The FACIT Measurement System now includes over 400 questions, some of which have been translated into more than 45 languages. Assessment of any one patient is tailored so that the most-relevant questions are asked and administration time for any one assessment is usually less than 15 minutes. This is accomplished both by the use of specific subscales for relevant domains of HRQOL, or computerized adaptive testing (CAT) of selected symptoms and functional areas. FACIT questionnaires can be administered by self-report (paper or computer) or interview (face-to-face or telephone). Available scoring, normative data and information on meaningful change now allow one to interpret results in the context of a growing literature base.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Ger Med Sci
                Ger Med Sci
                GMS Ger Med Sci
                GMS German Medical Science
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                1612-3174
                14 July 2022
                2022
                : 20
                : Doc10
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making and Health Technology Assessment, Department of Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT TIROL – University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall i. T., Austria
                [2 ]Institute for Ethics, History and Philosophy of Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
                [3 ]Institute for Technology Assessment and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
                [4 ]Center for Health Decision Science, Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Petra Schnell-Inderst, Institute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making and Health Technology Assessment, Department of Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT TIROL – University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Eduard-Wallnöfer-Zentrum I, 6060 Hall i. T., Austria, E-mail: Petra.Schnell-Inderst@ 123456umit-tirol.at
                Article
                000312 Doc10 urn:nbn:de:0183-0003120
                10.3205/000312
                9487779
                28d899c6-e7cd-4e8d-9e1f-8262cb3ce394
                Copyright © 2022 Schnell-Inderst et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. See license information at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 10 December 2021
                Categories
                Article

                Medicine
                mistletoe,biomedical technology assessment,breast neoplasms,health communication,ethics
                Medicine
                mistletoe, biomedical technology assessment, breast neoplasms, health communication, ethics

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