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      Migrasome: a new functional extracellular vesicle

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          Abstract

          Migrasome is a novel cellular organelle produced during cell migration, and its biogenesis depends on the migration process. It is generated in a variety of cells such as immune cells, metastatic tumor cells, other special functional cells like podocytes and cells in developing organisms. It plays important roles in various fields especially in the information exchange between cells. The discovery of migrasome, as an important supplement to the extracellular vesicle system, provides new mechanisms and targets for comprehending various biological or pathological processes. In this article, we will review the discovery, structure, distribution, detection, biogenesis, and removal of migrasomes and mainly focus on summarizing its biological functions in cell-to-cell communication, homeostatic maintenance, embryonic development and multiple diseases. This review also creates prospects for the possible research directions and clinical applications of migrasomes in the future.

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          Extracellular vesicles in cancer: exosomes, microvesicles and the emerging role of large oncosomes.

          Valentina R. Minciacchi, Michael R. Freeman, Dolores Di Vizio (2015)
          Since their first description, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been the topic of avid study in a variety of physiologic contexts and are now thought to play an important role in cancer. The state of knowledge on biogenesis, molecular content and horizontal communication of diverse types of cancer EVs has expanded considerably in recent years. As a consequence, a plethora of information about EV composition and molecular function has emerged, along with the notion that cancer cells rely on these particles to invade tissues and propagate oncogenic signals at distance. The number of in vivo studies, designed to achieve a deeper understanding of the extent to which EV biology can be applied to clinically relevant settings, is rapidly growing. This review summarizes recent studies on cancer-derived EV functions, with an overview about biogenesis and molecular cargo of exosomes, microvesicles and large oncosomes. We also discuss current challenges and emerging technologies that might improve EV detection in various biological systems. Further studies on the functional role of EVs in specific steps of cancer formation and progression will expand our understanding of the diversity of paracrine signaling mechanisms in malignant growth.
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            Discovery of the migrasome, an organelle mediating release of cytoplasmic contents during cell migration

            Liang Ma, Ying Li, Junya Peng … (2014)
            Cells communicate with each other through secreting and releasing proteins and vesicles. Many cells can migrate. In this study, we report the discovery of migracytosis, a cell migration-dependent mechanism for releasing cellular contents, and migrasomes, the vesicular structures that mediate migracytosis. As migrating cells move, they leave long tubular strands, called retraction fibers, behind them. Large vesicles, which contain numerous smaller vesicles, grow on the tips and intersections of retraction fibers. These fibers, which connect the vesicles with the main cell body, eventually break, and the vesicles are released into the extracellular space or directly taken up by surrounding cells. Since the formation of these vesicles is migration-dependent, we named them “migrasomes”. We also found that cytosolic contents can be transported into migrasomes and released from the cell through migrasomes. We named this migration-dependent release mechanism “migracytosis”.
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              Mitocytosis, a migrasome-mediated mitochondrial quality-control process

              Haifeng Jiao, Dong Liang Jiang, Xiaoyu Hu … (2021)
              Damaged mitochondria need to be cleared to maintain the quality of the mitochondrial pool. Here, we report mitocytosis, a migrasome-mediated mitochondrial quality-control process. We found that, upon exposure to mild mitochondrial stresses, damaged mitochondria are transported into migrasomes and subsequently disposed of from migrating cells. Mechanistically, mitocytosis requires positioning of damaged mitochondria at the cell periphery, which occurs because damaged mitochondria avoid binding to inward motor proteins. Functionally, mitocytosis plays an important role in maintaining mitochondrial quality. Enhanced mitocytosis protects cells from mitochondrial stressor-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial respiration; conversely, blocking mitocytosis causes loss of MMP and mitochondrial respiration under normal conditions. Physiologically, we demonstrate that mitocytosis is required for maintaining MMP and viability in neutrophils in vivo. We propose that mitocytosis is an important mitochondrial quality-control process in migrating cells, which couples mitochondrial homeostasis with cell migration.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Bailong Li: libailong2013@163.com
                Yanyong Yang:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6882-5274
                yyyang2010@163.com
                Fu Gao: gaofusmmu@163.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cell Death Discov
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Cell Death Discov
                Title: Cell Death Discovery
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2058-7716
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 October 2023
                Publication date PMC-release: 18 October 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Volume: 9
                Electronic Location Identifier: 381
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.73113.37, ISNI 0000 0004 0369 1660, Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, , Naval Medical University, ; 200433 Shanghai, P. R. China
                [2 ]GRID grid.73113.37, ISNI 0000 0004 0369 1660, Naval Medical University, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital 1, ; 200433 Shanghai, P. R. China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6882-5274
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1673
                DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01673-x
                PMC ID: 10584828
                PubMed ID: 37852963
                SO-VID: 25026589-346b-4d11-a6eb-ab4def501fa8
                Copyright © © Cell Death Differentiation Association (ADMC) 2023
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 22 May 2023
                Date revision received : 21 September 2023
                Date accepted : 3 October 2023
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Cell Death Differentiation Association (ADMC) 2023

                Keywords: cell migration,cancer therapy
                Data availability:
                Keywords: cell migration, cancer therapy

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