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      The effects of kinesthetic and visual motor imagery on interjoint coordination in the hemiplegic index finger: an experimental study using the index of temporal coordination Translated title: Os efeitos da imagem cinestésica e viso-motora na coordenação interfalângica do dedo indicador hemiplégico: um estudo experimental usando o “the index of temporal coordination”

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          Abstract

          Abstract Upper limb hemiparesis is a common impairment following stroke and can affect interjoint coordination. Motor imagery training is one treatment strategy. However, motor imagery can use visual or kinesthetic modalities and there has been a lack of research comparing the effectiveness of these modalities when treating the upper limb. The aim of this study was to compare visual and kinesthetic motor imagery in improving interjoint coordination in the hemiparetic index finger. Fifteen stroke survivors with upper limb hemiparesis were allocated to groups using kinesthetic or visual motor imagery, or a control group using guided relaxation. Reaching and grasping movements of the upper limb were captured using optoelectronic motion capture. Interjoint coordination of the hemiparetic index finger was analysed using the index of temporal coordination. No significant differences were found for interjoint coordination following treatment in either condition. Future work should focus on comparing kinesthetic and visual motor imagery in the rehabilitation of more proximal upper limb joints.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo A hemiparesia do membro superior é uma incapacidade comum após o AVC e pode afetar a coordenação das articulações interfalângicas. A terapia por imagens motoras é uma estratégia de tratamento. No entanto, essa terapia de imagem motora pode usar modalidades visuais ou cinestésicas e há uma escassez de pesquisas que comparem a eficácia dessas modalidades no tratamento do membro superior. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a terapia por imagem viso-motora e cinestésica na melhoria da coordenação interfalângica no dedo indicador hemiparético de pessoas com AVC. Quinze participantes com hemiparesia de membro superior foram alocados em grupos cuja terapia foi por imagens cinestésicas ou viso-motoras, e um grupo controle cuja terapia foi de relaxamento guiado. Movimentos de alcance e preensão com o membro superior foram capturados por meio de captura de movimento optoeletrônica. A coordenação interfalângica do dedo indicador hemiparético foi analisada por meio do instrumento “temporal coordination index”. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada para a coordenação interfalângica após o tratamento em qualquer condição. O trabalho futuro deve se concentrar na comparação das imagens cinestésicas e viso-motoras na reabilitação das articulações mais proximais dos membros superiores.

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          Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity.

          We undertook this investigation to determine the interrater reliability of manual tests of elbow flexor muscle spasticity graded on a modified Ashworth scale. We each independently graded the elbow flexor muscle spasticity of 30 patients with intracranial lesions. We agreed on 86.7% of our ratings. The Kendall's tau correlation between our grades was .847 (p less than .001). Thus, the relationship between the raters' judgments was significant and the reliability was good. Although the results were limited to the elbow flexor muscle group, we believe them to be positive enough to encourage further trials of the modified Ashworth scale for grading spasticity.
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            Motor imagery: a backdoor to the motor system after stroke?

            Understanding brain plasticity after stroke is important in developing rehabilitation strategies. Active movement therapies show considerable promise but depend on motor performance, excluding many otherwise eligible patients. Motor imagery is widely used in sport to improve performance, which raises the possibility of applying it both as a rehabilitation method and to access the motor network independently of recovery. Specifically, whether the primary motor cortex (M1), considered a prime target of poststroke rehabilitation, is involved in motor imagery is unresolved. We review methodological considerations when applying motor imagery to healthy subjects and in patients with stroke, which may disrupt the motor imagery network. We then review firstly the motor imagery training literature focusing on upper-limb recovery, and secondly the functional imaging literature in healthy subjects and in patients with stroke. The review highlights the difficulty in addressing cognitive screening and compliance in motor imagery studies, particularly with regards to patients with stroke. Despite this, the literature suggests the encouraging effect of motor imagery training on motor recovery after stroke. Based on the available literature in healthy volunteers, robust activation of the nonprimary motor structures, but only weak and inconsistent activation of M1, occurs during motor imagery. In patients with stroke, the cortical activation patterns are essentially unexplored as is the underlying mechanism of motor imagery training. Provided appropriate methodology is implemented, motor imagery may provide a valuable tool to access the motor network and improve outcome after stroke.
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              Motor imagery and action observation: cognitive tools for rehabilitation

              Th. Mulder (2007)
              Summary Rehabilitation, for a large part may be seen as a learning process where old skills have to be re-acquired and new ones have to be learned on the basis of practice. Active exercising creates a flow of sensory (afferent) information. It is known that motor recovery and motor learning have many aspects in common. Both are largely based on response-produced sensory information. In the present article it is asked whether active physical exercise is always necessary for creating this sensory flow. Numerous studies have indicated that motor imagery may result in the same plastic changes in the motor system as actual physical practice. Motor imagery is the mental execution of a movement without any overt movement or without any peripheral (muscle) activation. It has been shown that motor imagery leads to the activation of the same brain areas as actual movement. The present article discusses the role that motor imagery may play in neurological rehabilitation. Furthermore, it will be discussed to what extent the observation of a movement performed by another subject may play a similar role in learning. It is concluded that, although the clinical evidence is still meager, the use of motor imagery in neurological rehabilitation may be defended on theoretical grounds and on the basis of the results of experimental studies with healthy subjects.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cadbto
                Cadernos Brasileiros de Terapia Ocupacional
                Cad. Bras. Ter. Ocup.
                Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Terapia Ocupacional (São Carlos, SP, Brazil )
                2526-8910
                2021
                : 29
                : e2170
                Affiliations
                [02] Liverpool orgnameUniversity of Liverpool orgdiv1School of Medicine United Kingdom
                [01] Liverpool orgnameUniversity of Liverpool orgdiv1School of Health Sciences orgdiv2Department of Occupational Therapy United Kingdom
                [03] Bogotá DC orgnameUniversidad del Rosario orgdiv1School of Medicine and Health Sciences Colombia
                Article
                S2526-89102021000100210 S2526-8910(21)02900000210
                10.1590/2526-8910.ctoao2170
                24eeb215-0e65-4f53-b340-6da00e4e7eb4

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 09 October 2020
                : 12 December 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 58, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Original Articles

                Finger Joint,Motor Skills,Stroke,Articulações dos Dedos,Destreza Motora,Acidente Vascular Cerebral

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