Hematopoietic mosaic chromosomal alterations increase the risk for diverse types of infection

Zekavat, Seyedeh M; Lin, Shu-Hong; Bick, Alexander G; Liu, Aoxing; Paruchuri, Kaavya; Wang, Chen; Uddin, Md Mesbah; Ye, Yixuan; Yu, Zhaolong; Liu, Xiaoxi; Kamatani, Yoichiro; Bhattacharya, Romit; Pirruccello, James P; Pampana, Akhil; Loh, Po-Ru; Kohli, Puja; McCarroll, Steven A; Kiryluk, Krzysztof; Neale, Benjamin M.; Ionita-Laza, Iuliana; Engels, Eric A.; Brown, Derek W.; Smoller, Jordan W.; Green, Robert M.; Karlson, Elizabeth W.; Lebo, Matthew J.; Ellinor, Patrick T; Weiss, Scott T.; Daly, Mark J.; Koyama, Satoshi; Ito, Kaoru; Momozawa, Yukihide; Matsuda, Koichi; Yamanashi, Yuji; Furukawa, Yoichi; Morisaki, Takayuki; Murakami, Yoshinori; Muto, Kaori; Nagai, Akiko; Obara, Wataru; Yamaji, Ken; Takahashi, Kazuhisa; Asai, Satoshi; Takahashi, Yasuo; Suzuki, Takao; Sinozaki, Nobuaki; Yamaguchi, Hiroki; Minami, Shiro; Murayama, Shigeo; Yoshimori, Kozo; Nagayama, Satoshi; Obata, Daisuke; Higashiyama, Masahiko; Masumoto, Akihide; Koretsune, Yukihiro; Palotie, Aarno; Ziemann, Adam; Mitchell, Adele Z.; Huertas-Vazquez, Adriana; Salminen, Aino; Jussila, Airi; Havulinna, Aki S.; Mackay, Alex; Abbasi, Ali; Elliott, Amanda; Cole, Amy Liese; Shcherban, Anastasia; Mälarstig, Anders; Ganna, Andrea; Loboda, Andrey; Podgornaia, Anna Igorevna; Lehtonen, Anne; Pitkäranta, Anne; Remes, Anne Marja; Auranen, Annika; Hakanen, Antti J; Palomäki, Antti; Jalanko, Anu; Loukola, Anu; Chhibber, Aparna; Lertratanakul, Apinya; Lehisto, Arto; Mannermaa, Arto; Hedman, Åsa K.; Chu, Audrey; Madar, Aviv; Ghazal, Awaisa; Challis, Benjamin George; Sun, Benjamin; Cummings, Beryl; Riley-Gillis, Bridget; Fox, Caroline H; Chen, Chia-Yen; Wang, Clarence J.; Chatelain, Clément; Gordin, Daniel; Quarless, Danjuma; Oh, Danny; Choy, David M.; Close, David; Pulford, David J; Rice, David R.; Waterworth, Dawn M; Rajpal, Deepak; Baird, Denis; Jambulingam, Dhanaprakash; Chang, Diana; Kulkarni, Diptee A; Paul, Dirk S.; Liu, Dongyu; Teng, Edmond; Punkka, Eero; Ekholm, Eeva; Kangasniemi, Eeva; Laakkonen, Eija K.; Wigmore, Eleonor; Järvensivu, Elina; Kilpeläinen, Elina; Widén, Elisabeth; Tsai, Ellen A.; Mohammed, Elmutaz; Strauss, Erich C; Kvikstad, Erika M.; Pitkänen, Esa; Kaiharju, Essi; Xu, Ethan Y.; Xu, Fanli; Rahimov, Fedik; Vaura, Felix; Augé, Franck; Brein, Georg; Lassi, Glenda; Heap, Graham AR; Laivuori, Hannele; Mattsson, Hannele; Uusitalo-Järvinen, Hannele; Kankaanranta, Hannu; Uusitalo, Hannu; Chen, Hao; Siirtola, Harri; Joensuu, Heikki; Runz, Heiko; Lehtonen, Heli J; Heyne, Henrike O; Soininen, Hilkka; Jacob, Howard; Chen, Hubert; Shen, Huei-Yi; Xu, Huilei; Vähätalo, Iida; Kalliala, Ilkka; Tachmazidou, Ioanna; Kaprio, Jaakko; Parkkinen, Jaakko; Jacob, Jaison; Kumar, Janet M.; van Adelsberg, Janet; Laukkanen, Jari Antero; Ritari, Jarmo; Garcia-Tabuenca, Javier; Waring, Jeffrey F.; Schutzman, Jennifer L; Liu, Jimmy Jingyue; Lee, Jiwoo; Betts, Joanna; Rämö, Joel T.; Huhtakangas, Johanna A; Mäkelä, Johanna; Mattson, Johanna; Schleutker, Johanna; Kettunen, Johannes; Eicher, John H.; Zierer, Jonas; Chung, Jonathan; Turunen, Joni A.; Gordillo, Jorge Esparza; Maranville, Joseph C.; Karjalainen, Juha; Mehtonen, Juha; Rinne, Juha KA; Sinisalo, Juha; Junttila, Juhani M; Koskela, Jukka; Partanen, Jukka; Peltola, Jukka; Hunkapiller, Julie; Pihlajamäki, Jussi; Wade, Justin; Partanen, Juulia; Mäkikallio, Kaarin; Kaarniranta, Kai; Tasanen, Kaisa; Metsärinne, Kaj; Pärn, Kalle; King, Karen S.; Eklund, Kari Kalervo; Linden, Kari; Nieminen, Kari; Hannula-Jouppi, Katariina; Call, Katherine A.; Klinger, Katherine Wood; Donner, Kati; Hyvärinen, Kati; Kristiansson, Kati; Kivinen, Katja; Kaukinen, Katri; Pylkäs, Katri; de Lange, Katrina M; Usiskin, Keith; Palin, Kimmo; Shkura, Kirill; Auro, Kirsi; Kalpala, Kirsi; Sipilä, Kirsi; Elenius, Klaus; Tsuo, Kristin; Lahtela, L. Elisa; Addis, Laura; Huilaja, Laura; Kotaniemi-Talonen, Laura; Mustaniemi, Laura; Pirilä, Laura; Morin-Papunen, Laure; Aaltonen, Lauri; Koulu, Leena; Suominen, Liisa; Kallio, Lila; McCarthy, Linda; Aoxing, Liu; Männikkö, Lotta; Obeidat, Maen; Rivas, Manuel Antonio; Hautalahti, Marco; Pelkonen, Margit K.; Kaunisto, Mari Anneli; Niemi, Mari E. K.; Siponen, Maria; Crohns, Marika; Kalaoja, Marita; Luodonpää, Marja; Vääräsmäki, Marja; Taskinen, Marja-Riitta; Tuppurainen, Marjo T; McCarthy, Mark S.; Laakso, Markku; Laukkanen, Markku; Voutilainen, Markku; Juonala, Markus; Perola, Markus; Hochfeld, Marla; Färkkilä, Martti; Reeve, Mary Pat; Kanai, Masahiro; Brauer, Matt; Gossel, Matthias; Peura, Matti; Ehm, Meg; Miller, Melissa; Liu, Mengzhen; Aavikko, Mervi; Koskinen, Miika; Helminen, Mika; Kähönen, Mika; Arvas, Mikko; Hiltunen, Mikko; Kiviniemi, Mikko; Caliskan, Minal; Karjalainen, Minna M.; Raivio, Minna; Koivusalo, Mirkka; Kurki, Mitja Ilari; Maasha, Mutaamba; Bing, Nan; Bowers, Natalie; Raghavan, Neha S.; Renaud, Nicole K.; Välimäki, Niko; Hautala, Nina; Mars, Nina J; Pitkänen, Nina; Smaoui, Nizar; Kaipiainen-Seppänen, Oili; Cárpen, Olli; Dada, Oluwaseun A.; Soylemez, Onuralp; Heikinheimo, Oskari; Tuovila, Outi; Uimari, Outi; Gormley, Padhraig; Auvinen, Päivi; Laiho, Päivi; Mäntylä, Päivi; Polo, Päivi; Bronson, Paola G; Kauppi, Paula; Karihtala, Peeter; Nieminen, Pekka; Tienari, Pentti J.; Virolainen, Petri; Isomäki, Pia; Della Briotta Parolo, Pietro; Pussinen, Pirkko J; Palta, Priit; Pakkanen, Raimo; Serpi, Raisa; Mishra, Rajashree; Hinttala, Reetta; Kälviäinen, Reetta K.; Wong, Regis; Popovic, Relja; Siegel, Richard H.; Lahesmaa, Riitta; Kajanne, Risto; Graham, Robert T.; Plenge, Robert M.; Yang, Robert C.A.; Kallionpää, Roosa E.; Tian, Ruoyu; Miller, Russell; Esmaeeli, Sahar; Kauppila, Saila; John, Sally L.; Heikkinen, Sami; Koskelainen, Sami; Wadhawan, Samir; Pikkarainen, Sampsa; Heron, Samuel; Ripatti, Samuli; Seitsonen, Sanna; Lahdenperä, Sanni; Ruotsalainen, Sanni E; Pendergrass, Sarah A.; Smith, Sarah Naden; Vuoti, Sauli; Hassan, Shabbeer; Biswas, Shameek; Luo, Shuang; Rüeger, Sina; Lähteenmäki, Sini; Peltonen, Sirkku; Soini, Sirpa; Petrovski, Slave; Ghosh, Soumitra; McDonough, Stefan I.; Loomis, Stephanie J.; Greenberg, Steven; Eaton, Susan; Lemmelä, Susanna; Xia, Tai-He; Laitinen, Tarja; Tukiainen, Taru; Salmi, Teea T.; Niiranen, Teemu J.; Paajanen, Teemu; Kuopio, Teijo; Kilpi, Terhi; Ollila, Terhi; Hiekkalinna, Tero; Jyrhämä, Tero; Harju, Terttu; Luukkaala, Tiina; Tuomi, Tiinamaija; Behrens, Tim; Lu, Tim; Blomster, Timo; Sipilä, Timo P.; Southerington, Tom; Mäkelä, Tomi P.; Kiiskinen, Tuomo; Mantere, Tuomo; Meretoja, Tuomo J; Bhangale, Tushar R.; Salo, Tuula; Sistonen, Tuuli; Palotie, Ulla; Gursoy, Ulvi Kahraman; Kujala, Urho M; Julkunen, Valtteri; Salomaa, Veikko; Kosma, Veli-Matti; Rathinakannan, Venkat Subramaniam; Kurra, Venla; Aaltonen, Vesa; Neduva, Victor; Llorens, Vincent; Sinha, Vishal; Anttonen, Vuokko; Zhou, Wei; Fleuren, Wilco W.M.; Chen, Xing Guo; Hu, Xinli; Wu, Ying; Huang, Yunfeng; Terao, Chikashi; Zhao, Hongyu; Ebert, Benjamin L.; Reilly, Muredach P.; Machiela, Mitchell J; Genovese, Giulio; Natarajan, Pradeep

doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01371-0

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Hematopoietic mosaic chromosomal alterations increase the risk for diverse types of infection

Author(s): Seyedeh M. Zekavat , Shu-Hong Lin , Alexander G. Bick , Aoxing Liu , Kaavya Paruchuri , Chen Wang , Md Mesbah Uddin , Yixuan Ye , Zhaolong Yu , Xiaoxi Liu , Yoichiro Kamatani , Romit Bhattacharya , James P. Pirruccello , Akhil Pampana , Po-Ru Loh , Puja Kohli , Steven A. McCarroll , Krzysztof Kiryluk , Benjamin Neale , Iuliana Ionita-Laza , Eric A. Engels , Derek W. Brown , Jordan W. Smoller , Robert Green , Elizabeth W. Karlson , Matthew Lebo , Patrick T. Ellinor , Scott T. Weiss , Mark J. Daly , Satoshi Koyama , Kaoru Ito , Yukihide Momozawa , Koichi Matsuda , Yuji Yamanashi , Yoichi Furukawa , Takayuki Morisaki , Yoshinori Murakami , Kaori Muto , Akiko Nagai , Wataru Obara , Ken Yamaji , Kazuhisa Takahashi , Satoshi Asai , Yasuo Takahashi , Takao Suzuki , Nobuaki Sinozaki , Hiroki Yamaguchi , Shiro Minami , Shigeo Murayama , Kozo Yoshimori , Satoshi Nagayama , Daisuke Obata , Masahiko Higashiyama , Akihide Masumoto , Yukihiro Koretsune , Aarno Palotie , Adam Ziemann , Adele Mitchell , Adriana Huertas-Vazquez , Aino Salminen , Airi Jussila , Aki Havulinna , Alex Mackay , Ali Abbasi , Amanda Elliott , Amy Cole , Anastasia Shcherban , Anders Mälarstig , Andrea Ganna , Andrey Loboda , Anna Podgornaia , Anne Lehtonen , Anne Pitkäranta , Anne Remes , Annika Auranen , Antti Hakanen , Antti Palomäki , Anu Jalanko , Anu Loukola , Aparna Chhibber , Apinya Lertratanakul , Arto Lehisto , Arto Mannermaa , Åsa Hedman , Audrey Chu , Aviv Madar , Awaisa Ghazal , Benjamin Challis , Benjamin Sun , Beryl Cummings , Bridget Riley-Gillis , Caroline Fox , Chia-Yen Chen , Clarence Wang , Clement Chatelain , Daniel Gordin , Danjuma Quarless , Danny Oh , David Choy , David Close , David Pulford , David Rice , Dawn Waterworth , Deepak Rajpal , Denis Baird , Dhanaprakash Jambulingam , Diana Chang , Diptee Kulkarni , Dirk Paul , Dongyu Liu , Edmond Teng , Eero Punkka , Eeva Ekholm , Eeva Kangasniemi , Eija Laakkonen , Eleonor Wigmore , Elina Järvensivu , Elina Kilpeläinen , Elisabeth Widen , Ellen Tsai , Elmutaz Mohammed , Erich Strauss , Erika Kvikstad , Esa Pitkänen , Essi Kaiharju , Ethan Xu , Fanli Xu , Fedik Rahimov , Felix Vaura , Franck Auge , Georg Brein , Glenda Lassi , Graham Heap , Hannele Laivuori , Hannele Mattsson , Hannele Uusitalo-Järvinen , Hannu Kankaanranta , Hannu Uusitalo , Hao Chen , Harri Siirtola , Heikki Joensuu , Heiko Runz , Heli Lehtonen , Henrike Heyne , Hilkka Soininen , Howard Jacob , Hubert Chen , Huei-Yi Shen , Huilei Xu , Iida Vähätalo , Ilkka Kalliala , Ioanna Tachmazidou , Jaakko Kaprio , Jaakko Parkkinen , Jaison Jacob , Janet Kumar , Janet van Adelsberg , Jari Laukkanen , Jarmo Ritari , Javier Garcia-Tabuenca , Jeffrey Waring , Jennifer Schutzman , Jimmy Liu , Jiwoo Lee , Joanna Betts , Joel Rämö , Johanna Huhtakangas , Johanna Mäkelä , Johanna Mattson , Johanna Schleutker , Johannes Kettunen , John Eicher , Jonas Zierer , Jonathan Chung , Joni A. Turunen , Jorge Esparza Gordillo , Joseph Maranville , Juha Karjalainen , Juha Mehtonen , Juha Rinne , Juha Sinisalo , Juhani Junttila , Jukka Koskela , Jukka Partanen , Jukka Peltola , Julie Hunkapiller , Jussi Pihlajamäki , Justin Wade , Juulia Partanen , Kaarin Mäkikallio , Kai Kaarniranta , Kaisa Tasanen , Kaj Metsärinne , Kalle Pärn , Karen S. King , Kari Eklund , Kari Linden , Kari Nieminen , Katariina Hannula-Jouppi , Katherine Call , Katherine Klinger , Kati Donner , Kati Hyvärinen , Kati Kristiansson , Katja Kivinen , Katri Kaukinen , Katri Pylkäs , Katrina de Lange , Keith Usiskin , Kimmo Palin , Kirill Shkura , Kirsi Auro , Kirsi Kalpala , Kirsi Sipilä , Klaus Elenius , Kristin Tsuo , L. Elisa Lahtela , Laura Addis , Laura Huilaja , Laura Kotaniemi-Talonen , Laura Mustaniemi , Laura Pirilä , Laure Morin-Papunen , Lauri Aaltonen , Leena Koulu , Liisa Suominen , Lila Kallio , Linda McCarthy , Liu Aoxing , Lotta Männikkö , Maen Obeidat , Manuel Rivas , Marco Hautalahti , Margit Pelkonen , Mari Kaunisto , Mari E. Niemi , Maria Siponen , Marika Crohns , Marita Kalaoja , Marja Luodonpää , Marja Vääräsmäki , Marja-Riitta Taskinen , Marjo Tuppurainen , Mark J. Daly , Mark McCarthy , Markku Laakso , Markku Laukkanen , Markku Voutilainen , Markus Juonala , Markus Perola , Marla Hochfeld , Martti Färkkilä , Mary Pat Reeve , Masahiro Kanai , Matt Brauer , Matthias Gossel , Matti Peura , Meg Ehm , Melissa Miller , Mengzhen Liu , Mervi Aavikko , Miika Koskinen , Mika Helminen , Mika Kähönen , Mikko Arvas , Mikko Hiltunen , Mikko Kiviniemi , Minal Caliskan , Minna Karjalainen , Minna Raivio , Mirkka Koivusalo , Mitja Kurki , Mutaamba Maasha , Nan Bing , Natalie Bowers , Neha Raghavan , Nicole Renaud , Niko Välimäki , Nina Hautala , Nina Mars , Nina Pitkänen , Nizar Smaoui , Oili Kaipiainen-Seppänen , Olli Carpén , Oluwaseun A. Dada , Onuralp Soylemez , Oskari Heikinheimo , Outi Tuovila , Outi Uimari , Padhraig Gormley , Päivi Auvinen , Päivi Laiho , Päivi Mäntylä , Päivi Polo , Paola Bronson , Paula Kauppi , Peeter Karihtala , Pekka Nieminen , Pentti Tienari , Petri Virolainen , Pia Isomäki , Pietro Della Briotta Parolo , Pirkko Pussinen , Priit Palta , Raimo Pakkanen , Raisa Serpi , Rajashree Mishra , Reetta Hinttala , Reetta Kälviäinen , Regis Wong , Relja Popovic , Richard Siegel , Riitta Lahesmaa , Risto Kajanne , Robert Graham , Robert Plenge , Robert Yang , Roosa Kallionpää , Ruoyu Tian , Russell Miller , Sahar Esmaeeli , Saila Kauppila , Sally John , Sami Heikkinen , Sami Koskelainen , Samir Wadhawan , Sampsa Pikkarainen , Samuel Heron , Samuli Ripatti , Sanna Seitsonen , Sanni Lahdenperä , Sanni Ruotsalainen , Sarah Pendergrass , Sarah Smith , Sauli Vuoti , Shabbeer Hassan , Shameek Biswas , Shuang Luo , Sina Rüeger , Sini Lähteenmäki , Sirkku Peltonen , Sirpa Soini , Slavé Petrovski , Soumitra Ghosh , Stefan McDonough , Stephanie Loomis , Steven Greenberg , Susan Eaton , Susanna Lemmelä , Tai-He Xia , Tarja Laitinen , Taru Tukiainen , Teea Salmi , Teemu Niiranen , Teemu Paajanen , Teijo Kuopio , Terhi Kilpi , Terhi Ollila , Tero Hiekkalinna , Tero Jyrhämä , Terttu Harju , Tiina Luukkaala , Tiinamaija Tuomi , Tim Behrens , Tim Lu , Timo Blomster , Timo P. Sipilä , Tom Southerington , Tomi Mäkelä , Tuomo Kiiskinen , Tuomo Mantere , Tuomo Meretoja , Tushar Bhangale , Tuula Salo , Tuuli Sistonen , Ulla Palotie , Ulvi Gursoy , Urho Kujala , Valtteri Julkunen , Veikko Salomaa , Veli-Matti Kosma , Venkat Subramaniam Rathinakannan , Venla Kurra , Vesa Aaltonen , Victor Neduva , Vincent Llorens , Vishal Sinha , Vuokko Anttonen , Wei Zhou , Wilco Fleuren , Xing Chen , Xinli Hu , Ying Wu , Yunfeng Huang , Chikashi Terao , Hongyu Zhao , Benjamin L. Ebert , Muredach P. Reilly , Andrea Ganna , Mitchell J. Machiela , Giulio Genovese , Pradeep Natarajan , The Biobank Japan Project, FinnGen Consortium

Publication date (Electronic): June 07 2021

Journal: Nature Medicine

Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC

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Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

Chaolin Huang, Yeming Wang, Xingwang Li … (2020)

Summary Background A recent cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, was caused by a novel betacoronavirus, the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). We report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment and clinical outcomes of these patients. Methods All patients with suspected 2019-nCoV were admitted to a designated hospital in Wuhan. We prospectively collected and analysed data on patients with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection by real-time RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. Data were obtained with standardised data collection forms shared by WHO and the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium from electronic medical records. Researchers also directly communicated with patients or their families to ascertain epidemiological and symptom data. Outcomes were also compared between patients who had been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and those who had not. Findings By Jan 2, 2020, 41 admitted hospital patients had been identified as having laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection. Most of the infected patients were men (30 [73%] of 41); less than half had underlying diseases (13 [32%]), including diabetes (eight [20%]), hypertension (six [15%]), and cardiovascular disease (six [15%]). Median age was 49·0 years (IQR 41·0–58·0). 27 (66%) of 41 patients had been exposed to Huanan seafood market. One family cluster was found. Common symptoms at onset of illness were fever (40 [98%] of 41 patients), cough (31 [76%]), and myalgia or fatigue (18 [44%]); less common symptoms were sputum production (11 [28%] of 39), headache (three [8%] of 38), haemoptysis (two [5%] of 39), and diarrhoea (one [3%] of 38). Dyspnoea developed in 22 (55%) of 40 patients (median time from illness onset to dyspnoea 8·0 days [IQR 5·0–13·0]). 26 (63%) of 41 patients had lymphopenia. All 41 patients had pneumonia with abnormal findings on chest CT. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (12 [29%]), RNAaemia (six [15%]), acute cardiac injury (five [12%]) and secondary infection (four [10%]). 13 (32%) patients were admitted to an ICU and six (15%) died. Compared with non-ICU patients, ICU patients had higher plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection caused clusters of severe respiratory illness similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and was associated with ICU admission and high mortality. Major gaps in our knowledge of the origin, epidemiology, duration of human transmission, and clinical spectrum of disease need fulfilment by future studies. Funding Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission.

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Enrichr: a comprehensive gene set enrichment analysis web server 2016 update

Maxim Kuleshov, Matthew Jones, Andrew D. Rouillard … (2016)

Enrichment analysis is a popular method for analyzing gene sets generated by genome-wide experiments. Here we present a significant update to one of the tools in this domain called Enrichr. Enrichr currently contains a large collection of diverse gene set libraries available for analysis and download. In total, Enrichr currently contains 180 184 annotated gene sets from 102 gene set libraries. New features have been added to Enrichr including the ability to submit fuzzy sets, upload BED files, improved application programming interface and visualization of the results as clustergrams. Overall, Enrichr is a comprehensive resource for curated gene sets and a search engine that accumulates biological knowledge for further biological discoveries. Enrichr is freely available at: http://amp.pharm.mssm.edu/Enrichr.

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The UK Biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data

Clare Bycroft, Colin Freeman, Desislava Petkova … (2018)

The UK Biobank project is a prospective cohort study with deep genetic and phenotypic data collected on approximately 500,000 individuals from across the United Kingdom, aged between 40 and 69 at recruitment. The open resource is unique in its size and scope. A rich variety of phenotypic and health-related information is available on each participant, including biological measurements, lifestyle indicators, biomarkers in blood and urine, and imaging of the body and brain. Follow-up information is provided by linking health and medical records. Genome-wide genotype data have been collected on all participants, providing many opportunities for the discovery of new genetic associations and the genetic bases of complex traits. Here we describe the centralized analysis of the genetic data, including genotype quality, properties of population structure and relatedness of the genetic data, and efficient phasing and genotype imputation that increases the number of testable variants to around 96 million. Classical allelic variation at 11 human leukocyte antigen genes was imputed, resulting in the recovery of signals with known associations between human leukocyte antigen alleles and many diseases.