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      Synthetic Osmotic Dilators for Pre-Induction Cervical Ripening – an Evidence-Based Review Translated title: Synthetische osmotische Dilatatoren zur Zervixreifung vor Geburtseinleitung – eine evidenzbasierte Übersicht

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          Abstract

          Mechanical methods have gained growing interest for pre-induction cervical ripening in women with an unripe cervix, since they have a better safety profile compared to prostaglandins. Balloon catheters have been the gold standard method for decades, while there was a lack of data on synthetic osmotic cervical dilators.

          Not until 2015, when Dilapan-S was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for induction of labor, numerous studies have been published on the use of Dilapan-S in this field. The rate of vaginal deliveries associated with the use of Dilapan-S ranges from 61.6 to 81.7%, and no serious complications needing further interventions have been reported to this date.

          Dilapan-S was shown to be as effective as the Foley balloon catheter as well as the 10 mg PGE 2 vaginal insert and orally applied misoprostol (25 µg every 2 hours) in achieving vaginal delivery, but patient’s satisfaction during the cervical ripening process was significantly higher compared to the other methods and the rate of uterine hyperstimulation was significantly lower compared to prostaglandins (PGs).

          Minor complications (e.g. vaginal bleeding) associated with the use of Dilapan-S were < 2%, and maternal infectious morbidity was not higher compared to Foley balloon and vaginal PGE 2 or misoprostol.

          Due to these beneficial properties Dilapan-S might be an ideal option for outpatient cervical ripening, as shown in a recent randomized clinical trial comparing inpatient to outpatient cervical ripening.

          Furthermore, according to the manufacturers’ product information, Dilapan-S is the only cervical ripening method that is not contraindicated for induction of labor in women with a previous cesarean section. Upcoming guidelines should consider synthetic osmotic cervical dilators as an effective and safe method for cervical ripening/induction of labor acknowledging that more evidence-based data are mandatory, particularly in patients with a previous cesarean section.

          Zusammenfassung

          Mechanische Methoden haben zur Zervixreifung/Geburtseinleitung bei Schwangeren mit unreifer Zervix zunehmendes Interesse erlangt, da diese ein höheres Sicherheitsprofil aufweisen als Prostaglandine. Ballonkatheter sind seit Jahrzehnten der Goldstandard, während es bisher nur wenige Daten zu synthetischen osmotischen Zervixdilatatoren gibt.

          Erst als Dilapan-S 2015 von der Food and Drug Administration (FDA) zur Geburtseinleitung zugelassen wurde, wurden zahlreiche Studien zum Einsatz von Dilapan-S veröffentlicht. Die Rate vaginaler Entbindungen im Zusammenhang mit der Anwendung von Dilapan-S liegt zwischen 61,5 und 81,7%, wobei bis heute über keine schwerwiegenden Komplikationen mit Notwendigkeit zu weiteren Interventionen berichtet wurde.

          Dilapan-S erwies sich bezüglich der Rate vaginaler Geburten als vergleichbar effektiv wie der Foley-Ballonkatheter, das 10-mg-Prostaglandin-E 2 -(PGE 2 -)Vaginalinsert und Misoprostol oral (25 µg alle 2 Stunden). Allerdings zeigte sich eine wesentlich höhere Patientinnenzufriedenheit während des Zervixreifungsprozesses im Vergleich zu den anderen Methoden, und darüber hinaus war die Rate an uterinen Hyperstimulationen signifikant geringer im Vergleich zu Prostaglandinen.

          Die Rate leichter Komplikationen (z. B. vaginale Blutung) im Zusammenhang mit der Anwendung von Dilapan-S liegt < 2%, und die infektionsbedingte maternale Morbidität war im Vergleich zum Foley-Ballonkatheter, zu vaginalem PGE 2 und Misoprostol nicht höher.

          Aufgrund dieser vorteilhaften Eigenschaften könnte Dilapan-S eine ideale Option für die ambulante Zervixreifung darstellen, wie erst kürzlich in einer randomisierten klinischen Studie gezeigt werden konnte, in welcher die stationäre mit der ambulanten Zervixreifung verglichen wurde.

          Darüber hinaus ist Dilapan-S, laut Produktinformation des Herstellers, die einzige Methode zur Zervixreifung, die im Rahmen der Geburtseinleitung bei Schwangeren mit vorangegangenem Kaiserschnitt nicht kontraindiziert ist. Zukünftige Leitlinien sollten daher synthetische osmotische Zervixdilatatoren als eine wirksame und sichere Methode zur Zervixreifung/Geburtseinleitung berücksichtigen, allerdings sind mehr evidenzbasierte Daten zwingend erforderlich, insbesondere bei Patientinnen mit vorangegangenem Kaiserschnitt.

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          Most cited references38

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          ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 205: Vaginal Birth After Cesarean Delivery.

          (2019)
          Trial of labor after cesarean delivery (TOLAC) refers to a planned attempt to deliver vaginally by a woman who has had a previous cesarean delivery, regardless of the outcome. This method provides women who desire a vaginal delivery the possibility of achieving that goal-a vaginal birth after cesarean delivery (VBAC). In addition to fulfilling a patient's preference for vaginal delivery, at an individual level, VBAC is associated with decreased maternal morbidity and a decreased risk of complications in future pregnancies as well as a decrease in the overall cesarean delivery rate at the population level (). However, although TOLAC is appropriate for many women, several factors increase the likelihood of a failed trial of labor, which in turn is associated with increased maternal and perinatal morbidity when compared with a successful trial of labor (ie, VBAC) and elective repeat cesarean delivery (). Therefore, assessing the likelihood of VBAC as well as the individual risks is important when determining who is an appropriate candidate for TOLAC. Thus, the purpose of this document is to review the risks and benefits of TOLAC in various clinical situations and to provide practical guidelines for counseling and management of patients who will attempt to give birth vaginally after a previous cesarean delivery.
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            Births: Final Data for 2020.

            Objectives-This report presents 2020 data on U.S. births according to a wide variety of characteristics. Trends in fertility patterns and maternal and infant characteristics are described and interpreted.
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              Mechanical methods for induction of labour

              Abstract Background Mechanical methods were the first methods developed to ripen the cervix and induce labour. During recent decades they have been substituted by pharmacological methods. Potential advantages of mechanical methods, compared with pharmacological methods may include reduction in side effects that could improve neonatal outcomes. This is an update of a review first published in 2001, last updated in 2012. Objectives To determine the effectiveness and safety of mechanical methods for third trimester (> 24 weeks' gestation) induction of labour in comparison with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (vaginal and intracervical), low‐dose misoprostol (oral and vaginal), amniotomy or oxytocin. Search methods For this update, we searched Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth’s Trials Register, ClinicalTrials.gov, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), and reference lists of retrieved studies (9 January 2018). We updated the search in March 2019 and added the search results to the awaiting classification section of the review. Selection criteria Clinical trials comparing mechanical methods used for third trimester cervical ripening or labour induction with pharmacological methods. Mechanical methods include: (1) the introduction of a catheter through the cervix into the extra‐amniotic space with balloon insufflation; (2) introduction of laminaria tents, or their synthetic equivalent (Dilapan), into the cervical canal; (3) use of a catheter to inject fluid into the extra‐amniotic space (EASI). This review includes the following comparisons: (1) specific mechanical methods (balloon catheter, laminaria tents or EASI) compared with prostaglandins (different types, different routes) or with oxytocin; (2) single balloon compared to a double balloon; (3) addition of prostaglandins or oxytocin to mechanical methods compared with prostaglandins or oxytocin alone. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and assessed risk of bias. Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed the quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach. Main results This review update includes a total of 113 trials (22,373 women) contributing data to 21 comparisons. Risk of bias of trials varied. Overall, the evidence was graded from very‐low to moderate quality. All evidence was downgraded for lack of blinding and, for many comparisons, the effect estimates were too imprecise to make a valid judgement. Balloon versus vaginal PGE2: there may be little or no difference in vaginal deliveries not achieved within 24 hours (average risk ratio (RR) 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.82 to 1.26; 7 studies; 1685 women; I² = 79%; low‐quality evidence) and there probably is little or no difference in caesarean sections (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.09; 28 studies; 6619 women; moderate‐quality evidence) between induction of labour with a balloon catheter and vaginal PGE2. A balloon catheter probably reduces the risk of uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate (FHR) changes (RR 0.35, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.67; 6 studies; 1966 women; moderate‐quality evidence), serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.93; 8 studies; 2757 women; moderate‐quality evidence) and may slightly reduce the risk of aneonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.04; 3647 women; 12 studies; low‐quality evidence). It is uncertain whether there is a difference in serious maternal morbidity or death (RR 0.20, 95% CI 0.01 to 4.12; 4 studies; 1481 women) or five‐minute Apgar score < 7 (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.49 to 1.14; 4271 women; 14 studies) because the quality of the evidence was found to be very low and low, respectively. Balloon versus low‐dose vaginal misoprostol: it is uncertain whether there is a difference in vaginal deliveries not achieved within 24 hours between induction of labour with a balloon catheter and vaginal misoprostol (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.39; 340 women; 2 studies; low‐quality evidence). A balloon catheter probably reduces the risk of uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes (RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.85; 1322 women; 8 studies; moderate‐quality evidence) but may increase the risk of a caesarean section (average RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.60; 1756 women; 12 studies; I² = 45%; low‐quality evidence). It is uncertain whether there is a difference in serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.12 to 2.66; 381 women; 3 studies), serious maternal morbidity or death (no events; 4 studies, 464 women), both very low‐quality evidence, and five‐minute Apgar score < 7 (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.50 to 1.97; 941 women; 7 studies) and NICU admissions (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.63; 1302 women; 9 studies) both low‐quality evidence. Balloon versus low‐dose oral misoprostol: a balloon catheter probably increases the risk of a vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours (RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.46; 782 women, 2 studies, and probably slightly increases the risk of a caesarean section (RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.32; 3178 women; 7 studies; both moderate‐quality evidence) when compared to oral misoprostol. It is uncertain whether there is a difference in uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.48 to 1.38; 2033 women; 2 studies), serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death (RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.60 to 2.06; 2627 women; 3 studies), both low‐quality evidence, serious maternal morbidity or death (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.05 to 5.52; 2627 women; 3 studies), very low‐quality evidence, five‐minute Apgar scores < 7 (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.32; 2693 women; 4 studies) and NICU admissions (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.17; 2873 women; 5 studies) both low‐quality evidence. Authors' conclusions Low‐ to moderate‐quality evidence shows mechanical induction with a balloon is probably as effective as induction of labour with vaginal PGE2. However, a balloon seems to have a more favourable safety profile. More research on this comparison does not seem warranted. Moderate‐quality evidence shows a balloon catheter may be slightly less effective as oral misoprostol, but it remains unclear if there is a difference in safety outcomes for the neonate. When compared to low‐dose vaginal misoprostol, low‐quality evidence shows a balloon may be less effective, but probably has a better safety profile. Future research could be focused more on safety aspects for the neonate and maternal satisfaction.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd
                Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd
                10.1055/s-00000020
                Geburtsh Frauenheilk
                Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde
                Georg Thieme Verlag KG (Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany )
                0016-5751
                1438-8804
                07 July 2023
                December 2023
                1 July 2023
                : 83
                : 12
                : 1491-1499
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Medizinische Fakultät, Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
                [2 ]Klinik für Geburtsmedizin und Klinik für Gynäkologie, Vivantes Klinikum im Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany
                [3 ]Ringgold 234422, Klinik für Geburtsmedizin, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany;
                [4 ]Ringgold 31197, Universitätsklinik für Gynäkologie, Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologische Endokrinologie, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Linz, Austria;
                Author notes
                Correspondence DDr. Patrick Stelzl Ringgold 31197, Universitätsklinik für Gynäkologie, Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologische Endokrinologie, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz; Altenberger Straße 694040 LinzAustria patrick.stelzl@ 123456kepleruniklinikum.at
                Article
                GebFra-2023-03-1969-U
                10.1055/a-2103-8329
                10689108
                38046527
                237c0ea5-55dc-4655-9e33-9c13ccb05538
                The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License, which permits unrestricted reproduction and distribution, for non-commercial purposes only; and use and reproduction, but not distribution, of adapted material for non-commercial purposes only, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 23 March 2023
                : 31 May 2023
                Categories
                GebFra Science
                Review

                synthetic osmotic dilator (dilapan-s),pre-induction cervical ripening,efficacy,safety,balloon catheter,prostaglandins,synthetische osmotische dilatatoren (dilapan-s),zervixreifung/geburtseinleitung,effektivität,sicherheitsprofil,ballonkatheter,prostaglandine

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