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Factors Associated With Psychological Outcomes Among Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Health Care Workers Against COVID-19 Infection in Bangladesh
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Abstract
Background
Vaccination of healthcare workers (HCWs) is recommended during the COVID-19 pandemic to reduce the risk of infection for themselves and their patients, as well as to encourage their patients to get immunized. The present study aimed to investigate the psychological outcomes and associated factors among vaccinated and unvaccinated HCWs against COVID-19 infection in Bangladesh.
Methods
From March to August 2021, an online nationwide survey was conducted with a total of 2,038 Bangladeshi HCWs. The frequency of symptoms of general health problems, depression, anxiety, stress, post-traumatic stress disorder, insomnia, and loneliness was assessed using the Bangla versions of the GHQ-12, PHQ-2, GAD-2, PSS-4, PC-PTSD-5, ISI, and UCLA-LS scales, respectively.
Results
Compared with unvaccinated HCWs ( n = 1,058), vaccinated HCWs ( n = 980) had a statistically significant lower prevalence of general health problems (16.7 vs. 59.1%), depression (15.6 vs. 31.9%), post-traumatic stress disorder (22.3 vs. 30.8%), insomnia (23.8 vs. 64.9%), and loneliness symptoms (13.9 vs. 21.8%). Among vaccinated HCWs, females were significantly associated with a higher risk of symptoms of general health problems (AOR, 2.71; 95% CI, 0.97–7.60), anxiety (AOR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.14–4.13), and loneliness (AOR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.11–5.73). Except for anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, participants living in urban areas had a significantly lower risk of all psychological outcomes (e.g., depression: AOR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.27–0.67; stress: AOR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.47–0.88). Respondents who were married were significantly less likely to experience symptoms of general health problems (AOR, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.02–0.39), depression (AOR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.22–0.82), insomnia (AOR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.20–1.03), and loneliness (AOR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.10-0.92). Participants who worked as doctors were significantly less chance of experiencing symptoms of general health problems (AOR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.08–0.37), depression (AOR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.30–0.87), and anxiety (AOR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.37–0.78). On the other hand, unvaccinated HCWs who were 18–29 years old and had <5 years of work experience were significantly associated with a higher risk of all psychological outcomes except anxiety and insomnia symptoms (e.g., depression among 18–29 years old: AOR, 1.83; 95% CI, 0.27–2.60; stress among those with <5 years of work experience: AOR, 2.37; 95% CI, 0.93–6.07). Participants who worked as nurses were significantly more likely to suffer from depression (AOR, 1.44; 95% CI, 0.84–2.46), anxiety (AOR, 1.42; 95% CI, 0.24–1.73), and stress (AOR, 1.55; 95% CI, 0.31–0.89) symptoms. Except for anxiety and stress symptoms, respondents who worked as frontline workers and provided direct care to infected patients were the significantly higher chance of experiencing all psychological outcomes (e.g., depression among who worked as frontline workers: AOR, 2.41; 95% CI, 0.23–3.73; insomnia among those who provide direct care to infected patients: AOR, 2.60; 95% CI, 0.34–3.06). Participants who were infected with COVID-19 had a significantly less chance of experiencing symptoms of general health problems (AOR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.65–1.22), depression (AOR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.48–0.92), and anxiety (AOR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.46–0.87).
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