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      Molecular identification of the chitinase genes in Aedes albopictus and essential roles of AaCht10 in pupal-adult transition

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          Abstract

          Background

          Aedes albopictus is an increasingly serious threat in public health due to it is vector of multiple arboviruses that cause devastating human diseases, as well as its widening distribution in recent years. Insecticide resistance is a serious problem worldwide that limits the efficacy of chemical control strategies against Ae. albopictus. Chitinase genes have been widely recognized as attractive targets for the development of effective and environmentally safe insect management measures.

          Methods

          Chitinase genes of Ae. albopictus were identified and characterized on the basis of bioinformatics search of the referenced genome. Gene characterizations and phylogenetic relationships of chitinase genes were investigated, and spatio-temporal expression pattern of each chitinase gene was evaluated using qRT-PCR. RNA interference (RNAi) was used to suppress the expression of AaCht10, and the roles of AaCht10 were verified based on phynotype observations, chitin content analysis and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain of epidermis and midgut.

          Results

          Altogether, 14 chitinase-related genes (12 chitinase genes and 2 IDGFs) encoding 17 proteins were identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all these AaChts were classified into seven groups, and most of them were gathered into group IX. Only AaCht5-1, AaCht10 and AaCht18 contained both catalytic and chitin-binding domains. Different AaChts displayed development- and tissue-specific expression profiling. Suppression of the expression of AaCht10 resulted in abnormal molting, increased mortality, decreased chitin content and thinning epicuticle, procuticle and midgut wall of pupa.

          Conclusions

          Findings of the present study will aid in determining the biological functions of AaChts and also contribute to using AaChts as potential target for mosquito management.

          Graphical Abstract

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-023-05733-0.

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          Most cited references56

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          Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method.

          Kenneth Livak, Thomas D. Schmittgen (2001)
          The two most commonly used methods to analyze data from real-time, quantitative PCR experiments are absolute quantification and relative quantification. Absolute quantification determines the input copy number, usually by relating the PCR signal to a standard curve. Relative quantification relates the PCR signal of the target transcript in a treatment group to that of another sample such as an untreated control. The 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method is a convenient way to analyze the relative changes in gene expression from real-time quantitative PCR experiments. The purpose of this report is to present the derivation, assumptions, and applications of the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. In addition, we present the derivation and applications of two variations of the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method that may be useful in the analysis of real-time, quantitative PCR data. Copyright 2001 Elsevier Science (USA).
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            The global distribution and burden of dengue

            Samir Bhatt, Peter W. Gething, Oliver J Brady … (2013)
            Dengue is a systemic viral infection transmitted between humans by Aedes mosquitoes 1 . For some patients dengue is a life-threatening illness 2 . There are currently no licensed vaccines or specific therapeutics, and substantial vector control efforts have not stopped its rapid emergence and global spread 3 . The contemporary worldwide distribution of the risk of dengue virus infection 4 and its public health burden are poorly known 2,5 . Here we undertake an exhaustive assembly of known records of dengue occurrence worldwide, and use a formal modelling framework to map the global distribution of dengue risk. We then pair the resulting risk map with detailed longitudinal information from dengue cohort studies and population surfaces to infer the public health burden of dengue in 2010. We predict dengue to be ubiquitous throughout the tropics, with local spatial variations in risk influenced strongly by rainfall, temperature and the degree of urbanisation. Using cartographic approaches, we estimate there to be 390 million (95 percent credible interval 284-528) dengue infections per year, of which 96 million (67-136) manifest apparently (any level of clinical or sub-clinical severity). This infection total is more than three times the dengue burden estimate of the World Health Organization 2 . Stratification of our estimates by country allows comparison with national dengue reporting, after taking into account the probability of an apparent infection being formally reported. The most notable differences are discussed. These new risk maps and infection estimates provide novel insights into the global, regional and national public health burden imposed by dengue. We anticipate that they will provide a starting point for a wider discussion about the global impact of this disease and will help guide improvements in disease control strategies using vaccine, drug and vector control methods and in their economic evaluation. [285]
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              Protein Identification and Analysis Tools on the ExPASy Server

              Elisabeth Gasteiger, Christine Hoogland, Alexandre Gattiker … (2005)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Zhong Zhang: vector0518@126.com
                Ruiling Zhang: zhangrl_06@126.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Parasit Vectors
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Parasit Vectors
                Title: Parasites & Vectors
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1756-3305
                Publication date (Electronic): 1 April 2023
                Publication date PMC-release: 1 April 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Volume: 16
                Electronic Location Identifier: 120
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.410638.8, ISNI 0000 0000 8910 6733, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, ; Jinan, 250000 China
                [2 ]GRID grid.410638.8, ISNI 0000 0000 8910 6733, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Science, , Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), ; Jinan, 250117 China
                [3 ]GRID grid.410638.8, ISNI 0000 0000 8910 6733, School of Laboratory Animal (Shandong Laboratory Animal Center), , Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), ; Jinan, 250117 China
                Article
                Publisher ID: 5733
                DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05733-0
                PMC ID: 10068161
                PubMed ID: 37005671
                SO-VID: 22f00623-cf88-4be3-b595-ea3634d99b0b
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2023
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 17 December 2022
                Date accepted : 11 March 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Sciences Foundation of China
                Award ID: No. 81871686
                Award ID: No. 81871686
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2023

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology
                Keywords: asian tiger mosquito,chitin,mosquito control
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology
                Keywords: asian tiger mosquito, chitin, mosquito control

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