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      Triterpenoids and Sterols from the Leaves and Twigs of Melia azedarach

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          Abstract

          Two new triterpenoids ( 1 and 2) and a new sterol ( 3), together with six known constituents ( 4– 9), were isolated from the leaves and twigs of Melia azedarach. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis.

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          The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13659-014-0019-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Versatile Photocatalytic Systems for H2 Generation in Water Based on an Efficient DuBois-Type Nickel Catalyst

          Manuela Groß, Anna Reynal, James R. Durrant … (2013)
          The generation of renewable H2 through an efficient photochemical route requires photoinduced electron transfer (ET) from a light harvester to an efficient electrocatalyst in water. Here, we report on a molecular H2 evolution catalyst (NiP) with a DuBois-type [Ni(P2 R′N2 R″)2]2+ core (P2 R′N2 R″ = bis(1,5-R′-diphospha-3,7-R″-diazacyclooctane), which contains an outer coordination sphere with phosphonic acid groups. The latter functionality allows for good solubility in water and immobilization on metal oxide semiconductors. Electrochemical studies confirm that NiP is a highly active electrocatalyst in aqueous electrolyte solution (overpotential of approximately 200 mV at pH 4.5 with a Faradaic yield of 85 ± 4%). Photocatalytic experiments and investigations on the ET kinetics were carried out in combination with a phosphonated Ru(II) tris(bipyridine) dye (RuP) in homogeneous and heterogeneous environments. Time-resolved luminescence and transient absorption spectroscopy studies confirmed that directed ET from RuP to NiP occurs efficiently in all systems on the nano- to microsecond time scale, through three distinct routes: reductive quenching of RuP in solution or on the surface of ZrO2 (“on particle” system) or oxidative quenching of RuP when the compounds were immobilized on TiO2 (“through particle” system). Our studies show that NiP can be used in a purely aqueous solution and on a semiconductor surface with a high degree of versatility. A high TOF of 460 ± 60 h–1 with a TON of 723 ± 171 for photocatalytic H2 generation with a molecular Ni catalyst in water and a photon-to-H2 quantum yield of approximately 10% were achieved for the homogeneous system.
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            Azadirachtin, a scientific gold mine.

            E. Morgan (2009)
            Azadirachtin is a highly interesting compound both for its chemical structure, which required 18 years to solve, and its synthesis, which required another 22 years, and for its biological properties as a feeding deterrent for many insects and a growth disruptant for most insects and many other arthropods. Its mode of action, structure-activity relationships, and its biosynthesis still require much research. A valuable natural pesticide, it has very low toxicity for vertebrates, and yet it has still not achieved a prominent place among pesticides and in many countries it is not yet licensed for use. An attempt is made to understand its failure to capture a larger market, 40 years after its discovery.
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              Insect antifeedant activity of clerodane diterpenes and related model compounds.

              Edwin Klein Gebbinck, Ben J.M. Jansen, Aede de Groot (2002)
              A comprehensive compilation of all test results on the insect antifeedant activity of clerodane diterpenes and related model compounds is reported. To increase the compatibility of data from different sources, some of the results reported in the literature have been converted into a standardized form. The compounds were sorted into groups according to the different types of sidechain attached to C-9. Despite the wealth of information, collected in 15 tables, it remains difficult to assign importance to separate structural elements in relation to the observed antifeedant activity. A detailed analysis of the structure-activity relationships could not be presented, but some interesting trends can be distinguished based on the structures of the strongest antifeedants. The compilation covers the literature up to December 2001.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Ming-Hua Qiu: mhchiu@mail.kib.ac.cn
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nat Prod Bioprospect
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nat Prod Bioprospect
                Title: Natural Products and Bioprospecting
                Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                ISSN (Print): 2192-2195
                ISSN (Electronic): 2192-2209
                Publication date (Electronic): 9 May 2014
                Publication date PMC-release: 9 May 2014
                Publication date (Print): 2014
                Volume: 4
                Pages: 157-162
                Affiliations
                [ ]State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
                [ ]University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
                Article
                Publisher ID: 19
                DOI: 10.1007/s13659-014-0019-1
                PMC ID: 4050312
                PubMed ID: 24955297
                SO-VID: 20dc3149-8283-4704-b01d-9cb00eba5b8b
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2014
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 22 March 2014
                Date accepted : 18 April 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2014

                Keywords: meliaceae,melia azedarach,triterpenoids,sterols
                Data availability:
                Keywords: meliaceae, melia azedarach, triterpenoids, sterols

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