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      Actualización en el manejo de la hipertensión intracraneal tras un traumatismo craneoencefálico Translated title: Update in management of intracraneial hypertensión after traumatic brain injury

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN El traumatismo craneoencefálico es una entidad heterogénea y dinámica cuya característica común, cualquiera que sea su etiología, es la disminución de la perfusión cerebral en las horas siguientes al impacto. Dado que las lesiones cerebrales por hipoxia,pueden producirse en momentos variables tras el traumatismo, la monitorización de la hipoxia, la disfunción metabólica, la hipertensión intracraneal y la actividad comicial deben detectarse de forma precoz para evitar secuelas. La neuromonitorización va a permitir detectar esas posibles anomalías que pueda comprometer el adecuado aporte de oxígeno y sustrato metabólico a las células cerebrales. A pesar de que, en los últimos años, se han incrementado las herramientas de medición de oximetría cerebral, en nuestro país su uso sigue siendo todavía muy limitado y la monitorización se basa, fundamentalmente, en la observación de la presión intracraneal y la presión de perfusión cerebral, insuficiente para garantizar una adecuada oxigenación cerebral. El objetivo de esta revisión pretende integrar la fisiopatología del traumatismo craneoencefálico con las distintas técnicas de neuromonitorización, proporcionando así un manejo actualizado y más individualizado que mejore el pronóstico del enfermo neurocrítico.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Trauma brain injury is a heterogeneous and dynamic entity characterized, whatever its etiology, by a decrease in cerebral perfusion the first hours after the impact. Brain injury due to hypoxia can occur after trauma, so monitoring brain hypoxia, metabolic dysfunction, intracranial hypertension and seizure activity must be detected early to prevent brain sequelae. Neuromonitoring will detect those anomalies that could compromise the adequate oxygen supply and substrates of cerebral metabolism. Despite cerebral oximetry monitoring has increased in recent years, unfortunately very limited in our country, neuromonitoring is often based on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure, insufficient to measure cerebral oxygenation. The objective of this review is to integrate the pathophysiology of trauma brain injury with the different neuromonitoring techniques to provide an updated and more individualized management that improves the prognosis of neurocritical patients.

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          Most cited references32

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          Management of bleeding and coagulopathy following major trauma: an updated European guideline

          Introduction Evidence-based recommendations are needed to guide the acute management of the bleeding trauma patient. When these recommendations are implemented patient outcomes may be improved. Methods The multidisciplinary Task Force for Advanced Bleeding Care in Trauma was formed in 2005 with the aim of developing a guideline for the management of bleeding following severe injury. This document represents an updated version of the guideline published by the group in 2007 and updated in 2010. Recommendations were formulated using a nominal group process, the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) hierarchy of evidence and based on a systematic review of published literature. Results Key changes encompassed in this version of the guideline include new recommendations on the appropriate use of vasopressors and inotropic agents, and reflect an awareness of the growing number of patients in the population at large treated with antiplatelet agents and/or oral anticoagulants. The current guideline also includes recommendations and a discussion of thromboprophylactic strategies for all patients following traumatic injury. The most significant addition is a new section that discusses the need for every institution to develop, implement and adhere to an evidence-based clinical protocol to manage traumatically injured patients. The remaining recommendations have been re-evaluated and graded based on literature published since the last edition of the guideline. Consideration was also given to changes in clinical practice that have taken place during this time period as a result of both new evidence and changes in the general availability of relevant agents and technologies. Conclusions A comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to trauma care and mechanisms with which to ensure that established protocols are consistently implemented will ensure a uniform and high standard of care across Europe and beyond. Please see related letter by Morel et al http://ccforum.com/content/17/4/442
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            A management algorithm for patients with intracranial pressure monitoring: the Seattle International Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Consensus Conference (SIBICC)

            Background Management algorithms for adult severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) were omitted in later editions of the Brain Trauma Foundation’s sTBI Management Guidelines, as they were not evidence-based. Methods We used a Delphi-method-based consensus approach to address management of sTBI patients undergoing intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. Forty-two experienced, clinically active sTBI specialists from six continents comprised the panel. Eight surveys iterated queries and comments. An in-person meeting included whole- and small-group discussions and blinded voting. Consensus required 80% agreement. We developed heatmaps based on a traffic-light model where panelists’ decision tendencies were the focus of recommendations. Results We provide comprehensive algorithms for ICP-monitor-based adult sTBI management. Consensus established 18 interventions as fundamental and ten treatments not to be used. We provide a three-tier algorithm for treating elevated ICP. Treatments within a tier are considered empirically equivalent. Higher tiers involve higher risk therapies. Tiers 1, 2, and 3 include 10, 4, and 3 interventions, respectively. We include inter-tier considerations, and recommendations for critical neuroworsening to assist the recognition and treatment of declining patients. Novel elements include guidance for autoregulation-based ICP treatment based on MAP Challenge results, and two heatmaps to guide (1) ICP-monitor removal and (2) consideration of sedation holidays for neurological examination. Conclusions Our modern and comprehensive sTBI-management protocol is designed to assist clinicians managing sTBI patients monitored with ICP-monitors alone. Consensus-based (class III evidence), it provides management recommendations based on combined expert opinion. It reflects neither a standard-of-care nor a substitute for thoughtful individualized management. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00134-019-05805-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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              Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: 2020 Update of the Decompressive Craniectomy Recommendations

              Abstract When the fourth edition of the Brain Trauma Foundation's Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury were finalized in late 2016, it was known that the results of the RESCUEicp (Trial of Decompressive Craniectomy for Traumatic Intracranial Hypertension) randomized controlled trial of decompressive craniectomy would be public after the guidelines were released. The guideline authors decided to proceed with publication but to update the decompressive craniectomy recommendations later in the spirit of “living guidelines,” whereby topics are updated more frequently, and between new editions, when important new evidence is published. The update to the decompressive craniectomy chapter presented here integrates the findings of the RESCUEicp study as well as the recently published 12-mo outcome data from the DECRA (Decompressive Craniectomy in Patients With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury) trial. Incorporation of these publications into the body of evidence led to the generation of 3 new level-IIA recommendations; a fourth previously presented level-IIA recommendation remains valid and has been restated. To increase the utility of the recommendations, we added a new section entitled Incorporating the Evidence into Practice. This summary of expert opinion provides important context and addresses key issues for practitioners, which are intended to help the clinician utilize the available evidence and these recommendations. The full guideline can be found at: https://braintrauma.org/guidelines/guidelines-for-the-management-of-severe-tbi-4th-ed#/.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                sm
                Sanidad Militar
                Sanid. Mil.
                Ministerio de Defensa (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1887-8571
                March 2023
                : 79
                : 1
                : 52-60
                Affiliations
                [1] Zaragoza orgnameHospital General de la Defensa orgdiv1Servicio de Medicina Intensiva España
                [3] Zaragoza orgnameHospital Universitario Miguel Servet orgdiv1Servicio de Neurocirugía España
                [4] Zaragoza orgnameHospital Universitario Miguel Servet orgdiv1Servicio de Medicina Intensiva España
                [2] Zaragoza orgnameHospital General de la Defensa orgdiv1Medicina Intensiva España
                Article
                S1887-85712023000100012 S1887-8571(23)07900100012
                10.4321/s1887-85712023000100012
                2098d012-d2a8-41c5-b9d0-f08658bb8b0f

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                : 28 April 2022
                : 03 January 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 32, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Informes

                Hematoma,Hipertensión intracraneal,Traumatismo craneoencefálico,Neuromonitorización,Intracranial hypertension,Brain injury,Neuromonitoring

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