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      Catálogo de Asteraceae (Compositae) de la Región de Arica y Parinacota, Chile Translated title: Asteraceae (Compositae) of the Arica y Parinacota region, Chile

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN La familia de las Asteráceas o Compuestas es la más diversa de la flora de Chile, sin embargo, sólo algunas tribus han sido sometidas a un tratamiento sistemático reciente, mientras que el conocimiento de la distribución geográfica de los taxones es aún muy deficiente. A partir de la revisión de ejemplares de herbario y trabajo de campo, se realizó una prospección de la flora de Asteráceas de la Región de Arica y Parinacota. Ello da como resultado la presencia de 144 taxones en la región, de los cuales un 82,6% es nativo (119) y un 9% es endémico (13) de Chile, mientras que el 8,3% restante corresponde a especies alóctonas o naturalizadas (12). El género Senecio es el más diverso en la región con 27 especies nativas, incluyendo seis especies endémicas de Chile. Se constató la presencia de cinco especies nuevas para la flora de Chile: Achyrocline ramosissima Britton, Gamochaeta humilis Wedd., Mniodes kunthiana (DC.) S.E. Freire et al. (=Lucilia violacea Wedd.), Pseudogynoxys cordifolia (Cass.) Cabrera y Senecio evacoides Sch. Bip. Sobre la base de los materiales recolectados, se ha publicado recientemente la nueva especie Pseudognaphalium munoziae N. Bayón, C. Monti & S.E. Freire. Adicionalmente, se ha revisado la correcta denominación de la especie endémica Stevia philippiana. La mayor diversidad de especies se encuentra en la provincia de Parinacota, sobre los 3.000 m s.n.m. Las Asteráceas no sólo destacan en la región por su diversidad, sino también por constituir un elemento esencial de la vegetación, especialmente de las unidades vegetacionales de precordillera y altiplano, denominadas genéricamente como "tolar". La mayor parte de los pisos de vegetación de la provincia de Parinacota poseen especies de Asteráceas como especies dominantes, especialmente de los géneros Parastrephia, Lophopappus, Baccharis y Senecio. Si bien la región posee un porcentaje importante de superficie bajo protección, varias de las especies estudiadas, especialmente de precordillera, quedan fuera del sistema de áreas protegidas.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT The family of the Asteraceae is the most diverse in the Chilean flora; nevertheless, only some tribes have undergone a recent systematic treatment, while the knowledge about the geographical distribution of the taxa is still very incomplete. From the review of herbarium specimens and fieldwork, a survey of the Compositae flora of the Arica y Parinacota Region was performed. The study shows the presence of 144 taxa of the Asteraceae family in the region of which 82.6% is native (119) and 9% is endemic to Chile (13), while 8.3% are considered as exotic species (12). The genus Senecio is the one showing the highest diversity in the region, with the presence of 27 species, including six endemic ones. The revision of the botanical material reveals the presence of five new species for the Chilean flora: Achyrocline ramosissima Britton, Gamochaeta humilis Wedd., Mniodes kunthiana (DC.) S.E. Freire et al. (=Lucilia violacea Wedd.), Pseudogynoxys cordifolia (Cass.) Cabrera, and Senecio evacoides Sch. Bip. A new species has been recently described based on our recent field surveys: Pseudognaphalium munoziae N. Bayón, C. Monti & S.E. Freire. Additionally, the correct denomination of the endemic species Stevia philippiana has been recently undertaken. The greatest diversity of species is found in the province of Parinacota, above 3,000 m asl. Compositae stand out in the region not only for its diversity but also as a crucial element of the vegetation, being a fundamental component of the precordillera and altiplano vegetation belts, known as "tolar", in which species pertaining to genera like Parastrephia, Lophopappus, Baccharis, or Senecio tend to dominate. Indeed, most of the vegetation belts described in the Parinacota province show members of the Asteraceae as dominant species. In spite of a big amount of the regional surface under formal protection, several species occur outside the protection units.

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          Most cited references108

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          La vegetación natural de Chile. Clasificación y distribución geográfica

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            Andean uplift and climate change

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              Early evolution of the angiosperm clade Asteraceae in the Cretaceous of Antarctica.

              The Asteraceae (sunflowers and daisies) are the most diverse family of flowering plants. Despite their prominent role in extant terrestrial ecosystems, the early evolutionary history of this family remains poorly understood. Here we report the discovery of a number of fossil pollen grains preserved in dinosaur-bearing deposits from the Late Cretaceous of Antarctica that drastically pushes back the timing of assumed origin of the family. Reliably dated to ∼76-66 Mya, these specimens are about 20 million years older than previously known records for the Asteraceae. Using a phylogenetic approach, we interpreted these fossil specimens as members of an extinct early diverging clade of the family, associated with subfamily Barnadesioideae. Based on a molecular phylogenetic tree calibrated using fossils, including the ones reported here, we estimated that the most recent common ancestor of the family lived at least 80 Mya in Gondwana, well before the thermal and biogeographical isolation of Antarctica. Most of the early diverging lineages of the family originated in a narrow time interval after the K/P boundary, 60-50 Mya, coinciding with a pronounced climatic warming during the Late Paleocene and Early Eocene, and the scene of a dramatic rise in flowering plant diversity. Our age estimates reduce earlier discrepancies between the age of the fossil record and previous molecular estimates for the origin of the family, bearing important implications in the evolution of flowering plants in general.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                gbot
                Gayana. Botánica
                Gayana Bot.
                Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción (Concepción, , Chile )
                0016-5301
                0717-6643
                December 2016
                : 73
                : 2
                : 226-267
                Affiliations
                [2] Santiago orgnameMuseo Nacional de Historia Natural Chile
                [1] Valparaíso Valparaíso orgnamePontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso orgdiv1Instituto de Geografía Chile
                [3] Concepción Bío-Bío orgnameUniversidad de Concepción orgdiv1Departamento de Botánica Chile
                Article
                S0717-66432016000200226
                10.4067/S0717-66432016000200226
                20208c16-9609-4f6b-89f5-7febb099bb48

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 January 2016
                : 01 September 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 111, Pages: 42
                Product

                SciELO Chile


                Flora de Chile,Catálogo florístico,Reserva de la Biosfera Lauca,conservación de la biodiversidad,especies endémicas,Chilean flora,floristic catalogue,Lauca Biosphere Reserve,biodiversity conservation,endemic species

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