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      Características clínicas, epidemiológicas y evolución de la neumonía nosocomial severa en la unidad de cuidados intensivos Translated title: Clinical, epidemiological and evolution of severe nosocomial pneumonia in intensive care unit

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          Abstract

          Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas, epidemiológicas, evolución e identificar factores asociados a la mortalidad en pacientes con NNS. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de una serie de casos de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) de un hospital general. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes atendidos y que cumplieran los criterios de selección. Resultados: Cuarenta y un historias clínicas fueron evaluadas. La edad promedio fue de 69.6 años, predominando el género masculino (68.3%), la NNS fue el motivo de ingreso en 60.9% y el 95.1% requirió ventilación mecánica. La estancia hospitalaria previa al diagnóstico fue de 10.0 días, 65.9% de los pacientes tuvo algún factor de riesgo para organismos multirresistentes, el Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) de ingreso fue 9.3 puntos, los cultivos fueron positivos en 39% de los casos y de estos el 48.8% recibieron antibiótico adecuado al cultivo. Los días de estancia en UCI fueron 20.6 días y 20 de las 41 historias correspondieron a pacientes que habían fallecido. Las características clínico epidemiológicas de los fallecidos y sobrevivientes al alta, fueron semejantes. Se realizó un análisis de factores que pudieron estar asociados a mortalidad por NNS encontrando que la edad ≥ 70 años, la presencia de algún factor de riesgo para microorganismos multidrogorresistente y el CPIS control ≥ 6 puntos estuvieron asociados a mayor mortalidad; mientras que la adquisición de la NNS en la UCI estuvo asociada a menor mortalidad. Conclusión: Las características clínicas, epidemiológicas y la evolución de los pacientes con NNS de nuestra UCI fueron semejantes a los descritos en la literatura. Se identificaron tres factores asociados a mortalidad por NNS en la UCI.

          Translated abstract

          Objective: To describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics, evolution and to identify mortality factors associated in patients with SNP. Material and Methods: Descriptive study of a serie of cases of the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a General Hospital. Medical records of patients which received medical attention and who meet the selection criteria were reviewed. Results: Forty-one clinical records were evaluated. The average age was 69 old, predominantly male (68,3%). SNP was the reason of admission in 60.9% and 95.1% required mechanical ventilation. Hospital stay prior to diagnosis was 10 days, 65% of patients had some risk factor for multi resistence organisms, CPIS of entry was 9.3, cultures were positive in 39% of the cases and of these, 48.8% received proper antibiotic according to culture results. The days of stay in ICU were 20.6 days and 20 of the 41 medical records were for death patients. The clinical and epidemiological characteristics were similar between death and alive patients. An analysis of factors that could be associated with mortality SNP was made and it was found that for an age ≥ 70 years, the presence of any risk factor for multidrug resistence organism and control CPIS ≥ 6 were associated with higher mortality; while acquisition of the ICU was associated to lower mortality. Conclusions: The clinical, epidemiological characteristics and evolution of patients with SNP in our ICU were similar to those describe in the literature. Three factors associated with mortality in the ICU were identified.

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          Resolution of ventilator-associated pneumonia: prospective evaluation of the clinical pulmonary infection score as an early clinical predictor of outcome.

          To prospectively evaluate the performance of the Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) and its components to identify early in the hospital course of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) which patients are responding to therapy. Prospective, multicenter, in a cohort of mechanically ventilated patients. The intensive care unit of six hospitals located in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Sixty-three patients, from a cohort of 472 mechanically ventilated patients hospitalized for >72 hrs, had clinical evidence of VAP and bacteriologic confirmation by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) or blood cultures. Bronchoscopy with BAL fluid culture and blood cultures after establishing a clinical diagnosis of VAP. All patients received antibiotics, 46 before bronchoscopy and 17 immediately after bronchoscopy. CPIS was measured at 3 days before VAP (VAP-3); at the onset of VAP (VAP); and at 3 (VAP+3), 5 (VAP+5), and 7 (VAP+7) days after onset. CPIS rose from VAP-3 to VAP and then fell progressively in the population as a whole (p <.001), and the fall in CPIS was significant in 31 survivors, but not in 32 nonsurvivors. From the individual components of the CPIS, only the Pao /Fio ratio distinguished survivors from nonsurvivors, beginning at VAP+3. When CPIS was <6 at 3 or 5 days after VAP onset, mortality was lower than in the remaining patients (p =.018). These differences also related to the finding that those receiving adequate therapy had a slight fall in CPIS and a significant increase of Pao /Fio at VAP+3, whereas those getting inadequate therapy did not. Serial measurements of CPIS can define the clinical course of VAP resolution, identifying those with good outcome as early as day 3, and could possibly be of help to define strategies to shorten the duration of therapy.
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            Clinical characteristics and treatment patterns among patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia.

            To evaluate clinical characteristics and treatment patterns among patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), including the implementation of and outcomes associated with deescalation therapy. Prospective, observational, cohort study. Twenty ICUs throughout the United States. A total of 398 ICU patients meeting predefined criteria for suspected VAP. Prospective, handheld, computer-based data collection regarding routine VAP management according to local institutional practices, including clinical and microbiological characteristics, treatment patterns, and outcomes. The most frequent ICU admission diagnoses in patients with VAP were postoperative care (15.6%), neurologic conditions (13.3%), sepsis (13.1%), and cardiac complications (10.8%). The mean (+/- SD) duration of mechanical ventilation prior to VAP diagnosis was 7.3 +/- 6.9 days. Major pathogens were identified in 197 patients (49.5%) through either tracheal aspirate or BAL fluid and included primarily methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (14.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.3%), and other Staphylococcus species (8.8%). More than 100 different antibiotic regimens were prescribed as initial VAP treatment, the majority of which included cefepime (30.4%) or a ureidopenicillin/monobactam combination (27.9%). The mean duration of therapy was 11.8 +/- 5.9 days. In the majority of cases (61.6%), therapy was neither escalated nor deescalated. Escalation of therapy occurred in 15.3% of cases, and deescalation occurred in 22.1%. The overall mortality rate was 25.1%, with a mean time to death of 16.2 days (range, 0 to 49 days). The mortality rate was significantly lower among patients in whom therapy was deescalated (17.0%), compared with those experiencing therapy escalation (42.6%) and those in whom therapy was neither escalated nor deescalated (23.7%; chi2= 13.25; p = 0.001). Treatment patterns for VAP vary widely from institution to institution, and the overall mortality rate remains unacceptably high. The deescalation of therapy in VAP patients appears to be associated with a reduction in mortality, which is an association that warrants further clinical study.
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              Nosocomial pneumonia. A multivariate analysis of risk and prognosis.

              One hundred and twenty consecutive episodes of nosocomial pneumonia (NP) in 118 nonneutropenic adults admitted to a 1,000-bed teaching hospital were studied in order to investigate the prognosis and risk factors. The overall fatality rate was 36.6 percent. The identification of a "high-risk" microorganism (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacteriaceae, and other Gram-negative bacilli, Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida sp, Aspergillus sp, and episodes of polymicrobial pneumonia), bilateral involvement on chest x-ray examination, the presence of respiratory failure, inappropriate antibiotic therapy, and age older than 60 years or an underlying condition ultimately or rapidly fatal were those factors selected by a stepforward logistic regression analysis as independently worsening the prognosis. A series of variables frequently quoted as predisposing to NP was determined to be either present or absent in the same 120 cases of NP and in an equal number of randomly selected control subjects. After adjusting for confounding, factors significantly predisposing to NP were tracheal intubation, depressed level of consciousness, underlying chronic lung disease, thoracic or upper abdominal surgery, prior episode of a large volume aspiration, and age older than 70 years. Since some of the factors influencing the risk or the prognosis of NP are amenable to medical intervention, a percentage of NP might be prevented and its prognosis can be improved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                hm
                Horizonte Médico
                Horiz. Med.
                Universidad de San Martín de Porres. Facultad de Medicina Humana
                1727-558X
                January 2016
                : 16
                : 1
                : 6-13
                Affiliations
                [1 ] EsSalud Perú
                [2 ] Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego Perú
                [3 ] EsSalud Perú
                [4 ] EsSalud Perú
                Article
                S1727-558X2016000100002
                98d068b9-6213-4139-b34a-8f86554f26f9

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES
                PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

                Health & Social care,Public health
                Hospital-acquired pneumonia,Ventilator-associated pneumonia,Healthcare-associated pneumonia,Neumonía Nosocomial,Neumonía Asociada al Ventilador,Neumonía Asociada a los Cuidados de Salud

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