Hussein Khalil:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9982-6387
Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole:
MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SoftwareRole: VisualizationRole: Writing
– original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
Roberta Santana: Role: Data curationRole: ResourcesRole: Validation
Daiana de Oliveira:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0581-3433
Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: Software
Fabiana Palma:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7345-4914
Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: Validation
Ricardo Lustosa:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5033-690X
Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole:
VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
Max T. Eyre:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9847-8632
Role: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editing
Ticiana Carvalho-Pereira:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2370-2198
Role: Data curationRole: ResourcesRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
Mitermayer G. Reis: Role: ConceptualizationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
Albert I. Ko:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9023-2339
Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisition
Peter J. Diggle:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3521-5020
Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Project administration
Yeimi Alzate Lopez:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6243-9367
Role: ConceptualizationRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
Mike Begon:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1715-5327
Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole:
Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing
– review & editing
Federico Costa:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6951-2336
Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole:
InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole:
ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
Alan J. A. McBride: Role: Editor
Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS Negl Trop Dis
Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
Journal ID (pmc): plosntds
Title:
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
Publisher:
Public Library of Science
(San Francisco, CA USA
)
ISSN
(Print):
1935-2727
ISSN
(Electronic):
1935-2735
Publication date
(Electronic):
31
March
2021
Publication date Collection:
March
2021
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Electronic Location Identifier: e0009256
Affiliations
[1
]
Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
[2
]
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
[3
]
Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
[4
]
Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster University Medical
School, Lancaster, United Kingdom
[5
]
Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
[6
]
Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New
Haven, United States of America
[7
]
Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, The University of Liverpool, United
Kingdom
Universidade Federal de Pelotas, BRAZIL
Author notes
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Author information
Article
Publisher ID:
PNTD-D-20-01485
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009256
PMC ID: 8041187
PubMed ID: 33788864
SO-VID: 1e6148a9-b60c-4a0f-a782-6388bb1365d5
Copyright © © 2021 Khalil et al
License:
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided
the original author and source are credited.
Funded by: Medical Research Council
Award ID: MR/P024084/1
Award Recipient
:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1715-5327
Mike Begon
Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006181, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia;
Award ID: 10206/2015
Award Recipient
:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6951-2336
Federico Costa
Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100004440, Wellcome Trust;
Award ID: 102330/Z/13/Z
Award Recipient
:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6951-2336
Federico Costa
Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002, National Institutes of Health;
Award ID: 1 R01 TW009504
Award Recipient
:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6951-2336
Federico Costa
The study was funded by Medical Research Council (UK). Grant number: MR/P024084/1
to MB, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (BR) Grant number: 10206/2015,
Wellcome Trust (UK) Grant number:102330/Z/13/Z and National Institutes of Health (US)
Grant number:1 R01 TW009504 to FC. The funders had no role in study design, data collection
and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Subject:
Research Article
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Medical Conditions
Subject:
Infectious Diseases
Subject:
Bacterial Diseases
Subject:
Leptospirosis
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Medical Conditions
Subject:
Tropical Diseases
Subject:
Neglected Tropical Diseases
Subject:
Leptospirosis
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Medical Conditions
Subject:
Infectious Diseases
Subject:
Zoonoses
Subject:
Leptospirosis
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Epidemiology
Subject:
Medical Risk Factors
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Health Care
Subject:
Environmental Health
Subject:
Sanitation
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Public and Occupational Health
Subject:
Environmental Health
Subject:
Sanitation
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Health Care
Subject:
Socioeconomic Aspects of Health
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Public and Occupational Health
Subject:
Socioeconomic Aspects of Health
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Organisms
Subject:
Bacteria
Subject:
Leptospira
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Microbiology
Subject:
Medical Microbiology
Subject:
Microbial Pathogens
Subject:
Bacterial Pathogens
Subject:
Leptospira
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Subject:
Pathogens
Subject:
Microbial Pathogens
Subject:
Bacterial Pathogens
Subject:
Leptospira
Subject:
Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Subject:
Terrestrial Environments
Subject:
Urban Environments
Subject:
People and places
Subject:
Geographical locations
Subject:
South America
Subject:
Brazil
Subject:
Engineering and Technology
Subject:
Civil Engineering
Subject:
Urban Infrastructure