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      Borrelia, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia spp. in Ticks Removed from Persons, Texas, USA

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          Abstract

          Some tick-borne agents may pose yet-unknown public health risks.

          Abstract

          Data regarding the type, frequency, and distribution of tick-borne pathogens and bacterial agents are not widely available for many tick species that parasitize persons in the southern United States. We therefore analyzed the frequency and identity of pathogens and bacterial agents in ticks removed from humans and subsequently submitted to the Texas Department of State Health Services, Zoonosis Control Program, from October 1, 2004, through September 30, 2008. The data showed associations of bacterial agents and potential vectors. Tick-related illnesses may pose unidentified health risks in areas such as Texas, where incidence of human disease related to tick bites is low but well above zero and where ticks are not routinely suspected as the cause of disease. Cause, treatment, and prevention strategies can be better addressed through collecting sufficient data to establish baseline assessments of risk.

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          Genomic sequence of a Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi.

          C. M. Fraser, S Casjens, W M Huang … (1997)
          The genome of the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi B31, the aetiologic agent of Lyme disease, contains a linear chromosome of 910,725 base pairs and at least 17 linear and circular plasmids with a combined size of more than 533,000 base pairs. The chromosome contains 853 genes encoding a basic set of proteins for DNA replication, transcription, translation, solute transport and energy metabolism, but, like Mycoplasma genitalium, it contains no genes for cellular biosynthetic reactions. Because B. burgdorferi and M. genitalium are distantly related eubacteria, we suggest that their limited metabolic capacities reflect convergent evolution by gene loss from more metabolically competent progenitors. Of 430 genes on 11 plasmids, most have no known biological function; 39% of plasmid genes are paralogues that form 47 gene families. The biological significance of the multiple plasmid-encoded genes is not clear, although they may be involved in antigenic variation or immune evasion.
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            Genotypic identification of rickettsiae and estimation of intraspecies sequence divergence for portions of two rickettsial genes.

            R Regnery, C L Spruill, B D Plikaytis (1991)
            DNA sequences from specific genes, amplified by the polymerase chain reaction technique, were used as substrata for nonisotopic restriction endonuclease fragment length polymorphism differentiation of rickettsial species and genotypes. The products amplified using a single pair of oligonucleotide primers (derived from a rickettsial citrate synthase gene sequence) and cleaved with restriction endonucleases were used to differentiate almost all recognized species of rickettsiae. A second set of primers was used for differentiation of all recognized species of closely related spotted fever group rickettsiae. The procedure circumvents many technical obstacles previously associated with identification of rickettsial species. Multiple amplified DNA digest patterns were used to estimate the intraspecies nucleotide sequence divergence for the genes coding for rickettsial citrate synthase and a large antigen-coding gene of the spotted fever group rickettsiae. The estimated relationships deduced from these genotypic data correlate reasonably well with established rickettsial taxonomic schemes.
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              Pictorial key to the adults of hard ticks, family Ixodidae (Ixodida: Ixodoidea), east of the Mississippi River.

              J. Keirans, T Litwak (1989)
              Six genera and 27 species of hard ticks (Ixodidae) currently are recognized in the United States east of the Mississippi River as follows: Amblyomma (4 species), Boophilus (1), Dermacentor (3), Haemaphysalis (2), Ixodes (16), and Rhipicephalus (1). We present a diagrammatic couplet key to the adults of the six genera and 27 species of Ixodidae found in the eastern portion of the United States.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Emerging Infect. Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 1080-6040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059
                Publication date (Print): March 2010
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 441-446
                Affiliations
                [1]University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA (P.C. Williamson, P.M. Billingsley, J.P. Seals)
                [2]Texas Department of State Health Services, Temple, Texas, USA (G.J. Teltow)
                [3]University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA (M.A. Turnbough, S.F. Atkinson)
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Phillip C. Williamson, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Institute of Investigative Genetics, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA; email: phwilliam@ 123456hsc.unt.edu
                Article
                Publisher ID: 09-1333
                DOI: 10.3201/eid1603.091333
                PMC ID: 3322032
                PubMed ID: 20202419
                SO-VID: 1e0f1642-af31-4065-a21c-7458cddb5b64
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Subject: Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: candidatus borrelia lonestari,ehrlichiosis,research,spotted fever,ehrlichia,tick-borne disease,rickettsia,bacteria,parasites,borrelia
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: candidatus borrelia lonestari, ehrlichiosis, research, spotted fever, ehrlichia, tick-borne disease, rickettsia, bacteria, parasites, borrelia

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