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      Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging

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          Abstract

          Skin has been reported to reflect the general inner-health status and aging. Nutrition and its reflection on skin has always been an interesting topic for scientists and physicians throughout the centuries worldwide. Vitamins, carotenoids, tocopherols, flavonoids and a variety of plant extracts have been reported to possess potent anti-oxidant properties and have been widely used in the skin care industry either as topically applied agents or oral supplements in an attempt to prolong youthful skin appearance. This review will provide an overview of the current literature “linking” nutrition with skin aging.

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          Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease.

          Gilbert S. Omenn, Gary Goodman, Mark Thornquist … (1996)
          Lung cancer and cardiovascular disease are major causes of death in the United States. It has been proposed that carotenoids and retinoids are agents that may prevent these disorders. We conducted a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled primary prevention trial -- the Beta Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial -- involving a total of 18,314 smokers, former smokers, and workers exposed to asbestos. The effects of a combination of 30 mg of beta carotene per day and 25,000 IU of retinol (vitamin A) in the form of retinyl palmitate per day on the primary end point, the incidence of lung cancer, were compared with those of placebo. A total of 388 new cases of lung cancer were diagnosed during the 73,135 person-years of follow-up (mean length of follow-up, 4.0 years). The active-treatment group had a relative risk of lung cancer of 1.28 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.04 to 1.57; P=0.02), as compared with the placebo group. There were no statistically significant differences in the risks of other types of cancer. In the active-treatment group, the relative risk of death from any cause was 1.17 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.03 to 1.33); of death from lung cancer, 1.46 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.07 to 2.00); and of death from cardiovascular disease, 1.26 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.99 to 1.61). On the basis of these findings, the randomized trial was stopped 21 months earlier than planned; follow-up will continue for another 5 years. After an average of four years of supplementation, the combination of beta carotene and vitamin A had no benefit and may have had an adverse effect on the incidence of lung cancer and on the risk of death from lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, and any cause in smokers and workers exposed to asbestos.
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            Antioxidants prevent health-promoting effects of physical exercise in humans.

            Michael Ristow, Kim Zarse, Andreas Oberbach … (2009)
            Exercise promotes longevity and ameliorates type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance. However, exercise also increases mitochondrial formation of presumably harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidants are widely used as supplements but whether they affect the health-promoting effects of exercise is unknown. We evaluated the effects of a combination of vitamin C (1000 mg/day) and vitamin E (400 IU/day) on insulin sensitivity as measured by glucose infusion rates (GIR) during a hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp in previously untrained (n = 19) and pretrained (n = 20) healthy young men. Before and after a 4 week intervention of physical exercise, GIR was determined, and muscle biopsies for gene expression analyses as well as plasma samples were obtained to compare changes over baseline and potential influences of vitamins on exercise effects. Exercise increased parameters of insulin sensitivity (GIR and plasma adiponectin) only in the absence of antioxidants in both previously untrained (P < 0.001) and pretrained (P < 0.001) individuals. This was paralleled by increased expression of ROS-sensitive transcriptional regulators of insulin sensitivity and ROS defense capacity, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), and PPARgamma coactivators PGC1alpha and PGC1beta only in the absence of antioxidants (P < 0.001 for all). Molecular mediators of endogenous ROS defense (superoxide dismutases 1 and 2; glutathione peroxidase) were also induced by exercise, and this effect too was blocked by antioxidant supplementation. Consistent with the concept of mitohormesis, exercise-induced oxidative stress ameliorates insulin resistance and causes an adaptive response promoting endogenous antioxidant defense capacity. Supplementation with antioxidants may preclude these health-promoting effects of exercise in humans.
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              Astaxanthin: a review of its chemistry and applications.

              I Higuera-Ciapara, L. Felix-Valenzuela, F. Goycoolea (2006)
              Astaxanthin is a carotenoid widely used in salmonid and crustacean aquaculture to provide the pink color characteristic of that species. This application has been well documented for over two decades and is currently the major market driver for the pigment. Additionally, astaxanthin also plays a key role as an intermediary in reproductive processes. Synthetic astaxanthin dominates the world market but recent interest in natural sources of the pigment has increased substantially. Common sources of natural astaxanthin are the green algae Haematococcus pluvialis, the red yeast, Phaffia rhodozyma, as well as crustacean byproducts. Astaxanthin possesses an unusual antioxidant activity which has caused a surge in the nutraceutical market for the encapsulated product. Also, health benefits such as cardiovascular disease prevention, immune system boosting, bioactivity against Helycobacter pylori, and cataract prevention, have been associated with astaxanthin consumption. Research on the health benefits of astaxanthin is very recent and has mostly been performed in vitro or at the pre-clinical level with humans. This paper reviews the current available evidence regarding astaxanthin chemistry and its potential beneficial effects in humans.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Dermatoendocrinol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Dermatoendocrinol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): DERM
                Title: Dermato-endocrinology
                Publisher: Landes Bioscience
                ISSN (Print): 1938-1972
                ISSN (Electronic): 1938-1980
                Publication date (Print): 01 July 2012
                Publication date PMC-release: 01 July 2012
                Volume: 4
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 298-307
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center; Dessau, Germany
                [2 ]Laboratory for Biogerontology, Dermato-Pharmacology and Dermato-Endocrinology; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin, Germany
                Author notes
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                [* ]Correspondence to: Christos C. Zouboulis, Email: christos.zouboulis@ 123456klinikum-dessau.de
                Article
                Publisher ID: 2012DE0174R Publisher Item ID: 22876
                DOI: 10.4161/derm.22876
                PMC ID: 3583891
                PubMed ID: 23467449
                SO-VID: 1d9461e2-2a33-4541-b257-d33265ff9bec
                Copyright © Copyright © 2012 Landes Bioscience
                License:

                This is an open-access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License. The article may be redistributed, reproduced, and reused for non-commercial purposes, provided the original source is properly cited.

                History
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dermatology
                Keywords: skin aging,nutrition,flavonoids,vitamins,ultraviolet protection,fatty acids,antioxidants,diet
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dermatology
                Keywords: skin aging, nutrition, flavonoids, vitamins, ultraviolet protection, fatty acids, antioxidants, diet

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