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      Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications

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          Abstract

          Metal nanoparticles are being extensively used in various biomedical applications due to their small size to volume ratio and extensive thermal stability. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are an obvious choice due to their amenability of synthesis and functionalization, less toxicity and ease of detection. The present review focuses on various methods of functionalization of GNPs and their applications in biomedical research. Functionalization facilitates targeted delivery of these nanoparticles to various cell types, bioimaging, gene delivery, drug delivery and other therapeutic and diagnostic applications. This review is an amalgamation of recent advances in the field of functionalization of gold nanoparticles and their potential applications in the field of medicine and biology.

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          PEGylated nanoparticles for biological and pharmaceutical applications.

          Hidenori Otsuka, Yukio Nagasaki, Kazunori Kataoka (2003)
          The utility of polymeric micelles formed through the multimolecular assembly of block copolymer was comprehensively described as novel core-shell typed colloidal carriers for drug and gene targeting. Particularly, novel approaches for the formation of functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) layers as hydrophilic outer shell were focused to attain receptor-mediated drug and gene delivery through PEG-conjugated ligands with a minimal non-specific interaction with other proteins. Surface organization of block copolymer micelles with cross-linking core was also described from a standpoint of the preparation of a new functional surface-coating with a unique macromolecular architecture. The micelle-attached surface and the thin hydrogel layer made by layered micelles exhibited nonfouling properties and worked as the reservoir for hydrophobic reagents. Furthermore, the potential utility of multimolecular assembly derived from heterobifunctional PEGs and block copolymers were explored to systematically modify the properties of metal and semiconductor nanostructures by controlling their structure and their surface properties, making them extremely attractive for use in biological and biomedical applications.
          Article 0 comments Cited 240 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Subcellular targeting strategies for drug design and delivery.

            Lawrence Rajendran, Hans-Joachim Knölker, Kai Simons (2010)
            Many drug targets are localized to particular subcellular compartments, yet current drug design strategies are focused on bioavailability and tissue targeting and rarely address drug delivery to specific intracellular compartments. Insights into how the cell traffics its constituents to these different cellular locations could improve drug design. In this Review, we explore the fundamentals of membrane trafficking and subcellular organization, as well as strategies used by pathogens to appropriate these mechanisms and the implications for drug design and delivery.
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              Nuclear targeting of gold nanoparticles in cancer cells induces DNA damage, causing cytokinesis arrest and apoptosis.

              Bin Kang, Megan Mackey, Mostafa A El-Sayed (2010)
              By properly conjugating gold nanoparticles with specific peptides, we were successful in selectively transporting them to the nuclei of cancer cells. Confocal microscopy images of DNA double-strand breaks showed that localization of gold nanoparticles at the nucleus of a cancer cell damages the DNA. Gold nanoparticle dark-field imaging of live cells in real time revealed that the nuclear targeting of gold nanoparticles specifically induces cytokinesis arrest in cancer cells, where binucleate cell formation occurs after mitosis takes place. Flow cytometry results indicated that the failure to complete cell division led to programmed cell death (apoptosis) in cancer cells. These results show that gold nanoparticles localized at the nuclei of cancer cells have important implications in understanding the interaction between nanomaterials and living systems.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nanomaterials (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nanomaterials (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Nanomaterials
                Title: Nanomaterials
                Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
                ISSN (Electronic): 2079-4991
                Publication date Collection: 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 June 2011
                Volume: 1
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 31-63
                Affiliations
                Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, 1627, Hall Street, Montgomery, AL 36101, USA; E-Mails: poojatiwari@ 123456myasu.alasu.edu (P.M.T.); komalvig@ 123456alasu.edu (K.V.); vdennis@ 123456alasu.edu (V.A.D.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ssingh@ 123456alasu.edu ; Tel.: +1-334-229-4168; Fax: +1-334-229-4955.
                Article
                Publisher ID: nanomaterials-01-00031
                DOI: 10.3390/nano1010031
                PMC ID: 5315048
                PubMed ID: 28348279
                SO-VID: 1af2d12f-7486-44ec-b87f-b9349dd3a833
                Copyright © © 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 18 March 2011
                Date revision received : 03 June 2011
                Date accepted : 08 June 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: gold nanoparticles,functionalization,drug delivery,gene delivery,biosensor,bioimaging
                Data availability:
                Keywords: gold nanoparticles, functionalization, drug delivery, gene delivery, biosensor, bioimaging

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