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      Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications

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          Abstract

          Metal nanoparticles are being extensively used in various biomedical applications due to their small size to volume ratio and extensive thermal stability. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are an obvious choice due to their amenability of synthesis and functionalization, less toxicity and ease of detection. The present review focuses on various methods of functionalization of GNPs and their applications in biomedical research. Functionalization facilitates targeted delivery of these nanoparticles to various cell types, bioimaging, gene delivery, drug delivery and other therapeutic and diagnostic applications. This review is an amalgamation of recent advances in the field of functionalization of gold nanoparticles and their potential applications in the field of medicine and biology.

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          Most cited references137

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          PEGylated nanoparticles for biological and pharmaceutical applications.

          The utility of polymeric micelles formed through the multimolecular assembly of block copolymer was comprehensively described as novel core-shell typed colloidal carriers for drug and gene targeting. Particularly, novel approaches for the formation of functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) layers as hydrophilic outer shell were focused to attain receptor-mediated drug and gene delivery through PEG-conjugated ligands with a minimal non-specific interaction with other proteins. Surface organization of block copolymer micelles with cross-linking core was also described from a standpoint of the preparation of a new functional surface-coating with a unique macromolecular architecture. The micelle-attached surface and the thin hydrogel layer made by layered micelles exhibited nonfouling properties and worked as the reservoir for hydrophobic reagents. Furthermore, the potential utility of multimolecular assembly derived from heterobifunctional PEGs and block copolymers were explored to systematically modify the properties of metal and semiconductor nanostructures by controlling their structure and their surface properties, making them extremely attractive for use in biological and biomedical applications.
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            Subcellular targeting strategies for drug design and delivery.

            Many drug targets are localized to particular subcellular compartments, yet current drug design strategies are focused on bioavailability and tissue targeting and rarely address drug delivery to specific intracellular compartments. Insights into how the cell traffics its constituents to these different cellular locations could improve drug design. In this Review, we explore the fundamentals of membrane trafficking and subcellular organization, as well as strategies used by pathogens to appropriate these mechanisms and the implications for drug design and delivery.
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              Acute toxicity and pharmacokinetics of 13 nm-sized PEG-coated gold nanoparticles.

              In general, gold nanoparticles are recognized as being as nontoxic. Still, there have been some reports on their toxicity, which has been shown to depend on the physical dimension, surface chemistry, and shape of the nanoparticles. In this study, we carry out an in vivo toxicity study using 13 nm-sized gold nanoparticles coated with PEG (MW 5000). In our findings the 13 nm sized PEG-coated gold nanoparticles were seen to induce acute inflammation and apoptosis in the liver. These nanoparticles were found to accumulate in the liver and spleen for up to 7 days after injection and to have long blood circulation times. In addition, transmission electron microscopy showed that numerous cytoplasmic vesicles and lysosomes of liver Kupffer cells and spleen macrophages contained the PEG-coated gold nanoparticles. These findings of toxicity and kinetics of PEG-coated gold nanoparticles may have important clinical implications regarding the safety issue as PEG-coated gold nanoparticles are widely used in biomedical applications.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nanomaterials (Basel)
                Nanomaterials (Basel)
                Nanomaterials
                Nanomaterials
                Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
                2079-4991
                2011
                14 June 2011
                : 1
                : 1
                : 31-63
                Affiliations
                Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, 1627, Hall Street, Montgomery, AL 36101, USA; E-Mails: poojatiwari@ 123456myasu.alasu.edu (P.M.T.); komalvig@ 123456alasu.edu (K.V.); vdennis@ 123456alasu.edu (V.A.D.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ssingh@ 123456alasu.edu ; Tel.: +1-334-229-4168; Fax: +1-334-229-4955.
                Article
                nanomaterials-01-00031
                10.3390/nano1010031
                5315048
                28348279
                1af2d12f-7486-44ec-b87f-b9349dd3a833
                © 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                : 18 March 2011
                : 03 June 2011
                : 08 June 2011
                Categories
                Review

                gold nanoparticles,functionalization,drug delivery,gene delivery,biosensor,bioimaging

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