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      Ecological interventions to prevent and manage zoonotic pathogen spillover

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          Abstract

          Spillover of a pathogen from a wildlife reservoir into a human or livestock host requires the pathogen to overcome a hierarchical series of barriers. Interventions aimed at one or more of these barriers may be able to prevent the occurrence of spillover. Here, we demonstrate how interventions that target the ecological context in which spillover occurs (i.e. ecological interventions) can complement conventional approaches like vaccination, treatment, disinfection and chemical control. Accelerating spillover owing to environmental change requires effective, affordable, durable and scalable solutions that fully harness the complex processes involved in cross-species pathogen spillover.

          This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover’.

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          Most cited references85

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          Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife-- Threats to Biodiversity and Human Health

          P. Daszak (2000)
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            Pathways to zoonotic spillover

            Zoonotic diseases present a substantial global health burden. In this Opinion article, Plowrightet al. present an integrative conceptual and quantitative model that reveals that all zoonotic pathogens must overcome a hierarchical series of barriers to cause spillover infections in humans. Supplementary information The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2017.45) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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              Identifying Reservoirs of Infection: A Conceptual and Practical Challenge

              (2002)
              Many infectious agents, especially those that cause emerging diseases, infect more than one host species. Managing reservoirs of multihost pathogens often plays a crucial role in effective disease control. However, reservoirs remain variously and loosely defined. We propose that reservoirs can only be understood with reference to defined target populations. Therefore, we define a reservoir as one or more epidemiologically connected populations or environments in which the pathogen can be permanently maintained and from which infection is transmitted to the defined target population. Existence of a reservoir is confirmed when infection within the target population cannot be sustained after all transmission between target and nontarget populations has been eliminated. When disease can be controlled solely by interventions within target populations, little knowledge of potentially complex reservoir infection dynamics is necessary for effective control. We discuss the practical value of different approaches that may be used to identify reservoirs in the field.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
                Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci
                RSTB
                royptb
                Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
                The Royal Society
                0962-8436
                1471-2970
                30 September 2019
                12 August 2019
                12 August 2019
                : 374
                : 1782 , Theme issue ‘Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover’ compiled and edited by Daniel J. Becker, Alex D. Washburne, Christina L. Faust, Juliet R.C. Pulliam, Erin A. Mordecai, James O. Lloyd-Smith and Raina K. Plowright
                : 20180342
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University , Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
                [2 ]Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA
                [3 ]Department of Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA
                [4 ]Marine Science Institute, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
                [5 ]National Wildlife Research Center, USDA-APHIS , Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
                [6 ]Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University , Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
                [7 ]South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University , Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
                [8 ]Department of Wildland Resources and Ecology Center, Utah State University , Logan, UT 84321, USA
                [9 ]US Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center , Bozeman, MT 59715, USA
                [10 ]Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
                [11 ]Department of Biology, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN 47403, USA
                Author notes

                One contribution of 20 to a theme issue ‘ Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover’.

                Electronic supplementary material is available online at https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4560638.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-9322
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8585-1215
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3314-8223
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8045-5213
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4315-8628
                Article
                rstb20180342
                10.1098/rstb.2018.0342
                6711299
                31401951
                17fab098-45e5-45bf-834a-2517aae4726e
                © 2019 The Authors.

                Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 20 May 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: B&M Gates Foundation;
                Funded by: Queensland Government Accelerate Postdoctoral Research Fellowship;
                Funded by: U.S. Department of Defense, http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000005;
                Award ID: will update
                Funded by: NIH EEID Program;
                Award ID: will add
                Funded by: Stanford Freeman Spogli Institute;
                Award ID: will update
                Funded by: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100009168;
                Funded by: NIH General Medical Sciences;
                Funded by: National Science Foundation Coupled Natural and Human Systems;
                Award ID: will add
                Funded by: SACEMA;
                Award ID: will update
                Funded by: The Bing Fellowship in honor of Paul Ehrlich at Stanford University;
                Categories
                1001
                60
                69
                Article
                Review Article
                Custom metadata
                September 30, 2019

                Philosophy of science
                ecological interventions,cross-species transmission,management,spillover,zoonotic diseases

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