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      Current Taxonomical Situation of Streptococcus suis

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          Abstract

          Streptococcus suis, a major porcine pathogen and an important zoonotic agent, is considered to be composed of phenotypically and genetically diverse strains. However, recent studies reported several “ S. suis-like strains” that were identified as S. suis by commonly used methods for the identification of this bacterium, but were regarded as distinct species from S. suis according to the standards of several taxonomic analyses. Furthermore, it has been suggested that some S. suis-like strains can be assigned to several novel species. In this review, we discuss the current taxonomical situation of S. suis with a focus on (1) the classification history of the taxon of S. suis; (2) S. suis-like strains revealed by taxonomic analyses; (3) methods for detecting and identifying this species, including a novel method that can distinguish S. suis isolates from S. suis-like strains; and (4) current topics on the reclassification of S. suis-like strains.

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          Notes on the characterization of prokaryote strains for taxonomic purposes.

          B. Tindall, R Rosselló-Móra, H-J Busse … (2010)
          Taxonomy relies on three key elements: characterization, classification and nomenclature. All three elements are dynamic fields, but each step depends on the one which precedes it. Thus, the nomenclature of a group of organisms depends on the way they are classified, and the classification (among other elements) depends on the information gathered as a result of characterization. While nomenclature is governed by the Bacteriological Code, the classification and characterization of prokaryotes is an area that is not formally regulated and one in which numerous changes have taken place in the last 50 years. The purpose of the present article is to outline the key elements in the way that prokaryotes are characterized, with a view to providing an overview of some of the pitfalls commonly encountered in taxonomic papers.
          Article 0 comments Cited 374 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Streptococcus suis, an important pig pathogen and emerging zoonotic agent—an update on the worldwide distribution based on serotyping and sequence typing

            Guillaume Goyette-Desjardins, Jean-Philippe Auger, Jianguo Xu … (2014)
            Streptococcus suis is an important pathogen causing economic problems in the pig industry. Moreover, it is a zoonotic agent causing severe infections to people in close contact with infected pigs or pork-derived products. Although considered sporadic in the past, human S. suis infections have been reported during the last 45 years, with two large outbreaks recorded in China. In fact, the number of reported human cases has significantly increased in recent years. In this review, we present the worldwide distribution of serotypes and sequence types (STs), as determined by multilocus sequence typing, for pigs (between 2002 and 2013) and humans (between 1968 and 2013). The methods employed for S. suis identification and typing, the current epidemiological knowledge regarding serotypes and STs and the zoonotic potential of S. suis are discussed. Increased awareness of S. suis in both human and veterinary diagnostic laboratories and further establishment of typing methods will contribute to our knowledge of this pathogen, especially in regions where complete and/or recent data is lacking. More research is required to understand differences in virulence that occur among S. suis strains and if these differences can be associated with specific serotypes or STs.
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              Streptococcus suis: an emerging human pathogen.

              Heiman Wertheim, Ho Dang Trung Nghia, Walter Taylor … (2009)
              Streptococcus suis infection is acquired through exposure to contaminated pigs or pig meat. Over the past few years, the number of reported S. suis infections in humans has increased significantly, with most cases originating in Southeast Asia, where there is a high density of pigs. Increased awareness, improved diagnostics, and the occurrence of outbreaks have contributed to this increase. Meningitis and sepsis are the most common clinical manifestations of S. suis infection; hearing loss is a frequent complication. In this article, we provide an overview of the emergence and clinical manifestations of S. suis infection.
              Article 0 comments Cited 212 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Mariela Segura: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Pathogens
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Pathogens
                Journal ID (publisher-id): pathogens
                Title: Pathogens
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2076-0817
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 June 2016
                Publication date Collection: September 2016
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: 45
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; mokura@ 123456affrc.go.jp (M.O.); osaki@ 123456affrc.go.jp (M.Os.)
                [2 ]Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, 4-6-5 Minatojima-Nakamachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0045, Japan; ryohei_nomoto@ 123456office.city.kobe.lg.jp
                [3 ]Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; sakurairo1218@ 123456yahoo.co.jp (S.A.); asekizak@ 123456mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp (T.S.)
                [4 ]Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan; tamie@ 123456opal.kobe-u.ac.jp
                [5 ]The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: p1013dt@ 123456affrc.go.jp ; Tel.: +81-29-838-7754
                Article
                Publisher ID: pathogens-05-00045
                DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5030045
                PMC ID: 5039425
                PubMed ID: 27348006
                SO-VID: 17e07e69-fb0f-4f4c-ad8c-7b86d3138ff7
                Copyright © © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 09 May 2016
                Date accepted : 20 June 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: streptococcus suis,taxonomic analyses,species demarcation,s. suis-like strains
                Data availability:
                Keywords: streptococcus suis, taxonomic analyses, species demarcation, s. suis-like strains

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