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      Transgender medicalization and the attempt to evade psychological distress

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          Abstract

          In this paper the author argues that trans‐identification and its associated medical treatment can constitute an attempt to evade experiences of psychological distress. This occurs on three levels. Firstly, the trans person themselves may seek to evade dysregulated affects associated with such experiences as attachment trauma, childhood abuse, and ego‐alien sexual feelings. Secondly, therapists may attempt to evade feelings, such as fear and hatred, evoked by engaging with these dysregulated affects. Thirdly, we, as a society, may wish to evade acknowledging the reality of such trauma, abuse and sexual distress by hypothesizing that trans‐identification is a biological issue, best treated medically. The author argues that the quality of evidence supporting the biomedical approach is extremely poor. This puts young trans people at risk of receiving potentially damaging medical treatment they may later seek to reverse or come to regret, while their underlying psychological issues remain unaddressed.

          Translated abstract

          Dans cet article l’auteur soutient que l’indentification trans et son traitement médical associé peuvent constituer une tentative pour échapper à des expériences de détresse psychologique. Ceci se produit à trois niveaux. Premièrement, la personne trans elle‐même peut chercher à éviter les affects dérégulés associés aux expériences telles que le traumatisme de l’attachement, l’abus sexuel dans l’enfance, les ressentis sexuels qui semblent incompatibles avec l’égo. Deuxièmement, les thérapeutes peuvent tenter d’échapper à des émotions, telles que la peur et la haine, évoquées par l’implication avec ces affects dérégulés. Troisièmement, nous, en tant que société, pouvons être animés par le souhait d’échapper à la réalité de tels traumatismes, abus et détresse sexuels en nourrissant l’hypothèse que l’identification trans est une question biologique, qu’il vaut mieux soigner de manière médicale. L’auteur soutient que la qualité des preuves en faveur de l’approche biomédicale est extrêmement pauvre. Ceci expose les jeunes personnes trans au risque de recevoir des traitements médicaux qui les endommagent, traitements qu’elles peuvent plus tard chercher à inverser, ou qu’elles regrettent, pendant que les questions psychologiques fondamentales restent sans attention.

          Translated abstract

          In diesem Artikel legt der Autor dar, daß die Transidentifikation und die damit verbundene medizinische Behandlung einen Versuch darstellen können, Erfahrungen mit psychischer Belastung auszuweichen. Dies geschieht auf drei Ebenen. Erstens kann die Trans‐Person selbst versuchen, dysregulierten Affekten auszuweichen, die mit Erfahrungen wie Bindungstrauma, Kindesmißbrauch und ichfremden sexuellen Gefühlen verbunden sind. Zweitens können Therapeuten versuchen, Gefühlen wie Angst und Haß auszuweichen, die durch die Auseinandersetzung mit diesen dysregulierten Affekten hervorgerufen werden. Drittens möchten wir uns als Gesellschaft möglicherweise der Anerkennung der Realität eines solchen Traumas, Mißbrauchs und sexuellen Leidens entziehen, indem wir die Hypothese aufstellen, daß die Transidentifikation ein biologisches Problem ist, das am besten medizinisch behandelt wird. Der Autor argumentiert, daß die Qualität der Beweise, die den biomedizinischen Ansatz unterstützen, äußerst mager ist. Dies birgt das Risiko, daß junge Transsexuelle möglicherweise schädliche medizinische Behandlungen erhalten, die sie möglicherweise später rückgängig machen oder bereuen könnten, während ihre zugrunde liegenden psychologischen Probleme weiterhin unberücksichtigt bleiben.

          Translated abstract

          In questio articolo l'Autore sostiene che l'identificazione trans ed il suo trattamento possono costituire un tentativo di eludere esperienze di disagio psichico. Ciò avviene su tre livelli. In primo luogo, il soggetto trans può cercare di eludere gli affetti disregolati associati a esperienze quali attaccamento e trauma, abusi infantili e vissuti sessuali alieni all’io. In secondo luogo, i terapeuti possono tentare di eludere i sentimenti, come la paura e l'odio, evocati dal coinvolgimento con questi affetti alterati. In terzo luogo, noi, come società, potremmo tentare di evitare di riconoscere la realtà di tale trauma, abuso e disagio sessuale ipotizzando che l’identificazione trans sia una questione biologica, che va trattata al meglio dal punto di vista medico. L'Autore sostiene che la qualità delle prove a sostegno dell'approccio biomedico sia estremamente scarsa. Ciò mette i giovani transessuali a rischio di ricevere cure mediche potenzialmente dannose, i cui effetti potrebbero in seguito cercare di anullare o comunque rimpiangere di averle fatte, mentre i loro problemi psicologici di fondo rimangono irrisolti.

          Translated abstract

          В статье автор обосновывает точку зрения, согласно которой идентификация с трансгендером и связанное с ней медицинское лечение могут представлять собой попытку избежать переживания психологического стресса. Это происходит на трех уровнях. Во‐первых, сам транс‐человек может стремиться избежать неуправляемых аффектов, связанных с такими переживаниями, как травма привязанности, насилие в детстве и чуждые эго сексуальные чувства. Во‐вторых, терапевты могут пытаться избежать чувств, таких как страх и ненависть, вызванных воздействием неуправляемых аффектов. В‐третьих, мы, как общество, можем стремиться к избеганию признания реальности травм, абьюза и сексуального дистресса, выдвигая гипотезу о том, что идентификация с трансгендером является биологической вопрос, к которому лучше всего подходить с медицинской точки зрения. Автор утверждает, что качество доказательств в поддержку биомедицинского подхода крайне низкое. Это подвергает молодых транс‐людей риску получить потенциально опасную медицинскую помощь, о которой они впоследствии могут пожалеть, в то время как лежащие в их основе психологические проблемы остаются без внимания.

          Translated abstract

          En el presente trabajo, el autor argumenta que la identificación‐trans y el tratamiento médico asociado puede constituir una intento de evadir experiencias de angustia psicológica. Esto sucede en tres niveles. Primero, la persona trans puede buscar evadir emociones desreguladas asociadas a experiencias como trauma de apego, abuso infantil, y sentimientos sexuales ego – no alineados. Segundo, los terapeutas pueden intentar evadir sentimientos, tales como miedo y odio, evocados al entrar en contacto con estos afectos desregulados. Tercero, nosotros, como sociedad, podemos desear evadir la realidad de semejante trauma, abuso y angustia sexual, al hipotetizar que la identificación‐trans es un tema biológico, y mejor tratarlo medicalmente. El autor da cuenta que la evidencia que fundamenta el abordaje biomédico es extremadamente pobre. Esto supone, para las personas jóvenes trans, el riesgo de recibir tratamiento médico potencialmente dañino, que más tarde pueden buscar revertir, o del que arrepentirse mientras que los temas psicológicos subyacentes permanecen sin ser reconocidos.

          Translated abstract

          跨性别认同以及规避心理压力的尝试

          文章认为, 跨性别认同以及与之关联的医学治疗是一种规避心理压力体验的尝试。这发生在三个层面。第一, 跨性别的个体会试图规避失调的情绪, 这些情绪关联着依恋创伤, 儿童期虐待, 自斥的性体验。第二, 治疗师会试图规避一些感受, 如害怕, 恨, 当他们跟随病人那些失调的感受时, 这些感受就会被唤起。第三, 我们, 作为社会, 试图回避承认这些现实存在的创伤、虐待和性压力, 规避的方式就是假定跨性别认同只是一种生理的问题, 最好通过医疗治愈。作者认为, 支持这些生理医学取向的证据十分薄弱。这把年轻的跨性别人群置于危险境地, 使他们接受了有潜在伤害的医疗干预, 而他们过些时间可能想要转变回来, 或是后悔进行了这些医疗处理, 而与此同时, 潜在的心理问题却没有得到处理。

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          Most cited references71

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          Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties.

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            Puberty suppression in adolescents with gender identity disorder: a prospective follow-up study.

            Puberty suppression by means of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRHa) is used for young transsexuals between 12 and 16 years of age. The purpose of this intervention is to relieve the suffering caused by the development of secondary sex characteristics and to provide time to make a balanced decision regarding actual gender reassignment.
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              The Amsterdam Cohort of Gender Dysphoria Study (1972–2015): Trends in Prevalence, Treatment, and Regrets

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                bob.withers@rockclinic.org.uk
                Journal
                J Anal Psychol
                J Anal Psychol
                10.1111/(ISSN)1468-5922
                JOAP
                The Journal of Analytical Psychology
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                0021-8774
                1468-5922
                17 November 2020
                November 2020
                : 65
                : 5 ( doiID: 10.1111/joap.v65.5 )
                : 865-889
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Brighton
                Article
                JOAP12641
                10.1111/1468-5922.12641
                7787368
                33202051
                16fed1e2-2106-45ba-b375-8917c4e15b98
                © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Analytical Psychology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Society of Analytical Psychology.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Pages: 25, Words: 8379
                Categories
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                Articles
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                November 2020
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.9.6 mode:remove_FC converted:23.12.2020

                dissociation,attachment trauma,countertransference,detransition,dysregulated affect,gender dysphoria (gd),internalised homophobia,transgender,traumatisme de l’attachement,contretransfert,dé‐transition,affect dérégulé,dysphorie de genre,homophobie internalisée,transgenre

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