Recent advances in modulation of cardiovascular diseases by the gut microbiota

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Abstract

The gut microbiota has recently gained attention due to its association with cardiovascular health, cancers, gastrointestinal disorders, and non-communicable diseases. One critical question is how the composition of the microbiota contributes to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Insightful reviews on the gut microbiota, its metabolites and the mechanisms that underlie its contribution to CVD are limited. Hence, the aim of this review was to describe linkages between the composition of the microbiota and CVD, CVD risk factors such as hypertension, diet, ageing, and sex differences. We have also highlighted potential therapies for improving the composition of the gut microbiota, which may result in better cardiovascular health.

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Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome

Lawrence A David, Corinne F. Maurice, Rachel Carmody … (2013)

Long-term diet influences the structure and activity of the trillions of microorganisms residing in the human gut 1–5 , but it remains unclear how rapidly and reproducibly the human gut microbiome responds to short-term macronutrient change. Here, we show that the short-term consumption of diets composed entirely of animal or plant products alters microbial community structure and overwhelms inter-individual differences in microbial gene expression. The animal-based diet increased the abundance of bile-tolerant microorganisms (Alistipes, Bilophila, and Bacteroides) and decreased the levels of Firmicutes that metabolize dietary plant polysaccharides (Roseburia, Eubacterium rectale, and Ruminococcus bromii). Microbial activity mirrored differences between herbivorous and carnivorous mammals 2 , reflecting trade-offs between carbohydrate and protein fermentation. Foodborne microbes from both diets transiently colonized the gut, including bacteria, fungi, and even viruses. Finally, increases in the abundance and activity of Bilophila wadsworthia on the animal-based diet support a link between dietary fat, bile acids, and the outgrowth of microorganisms capable of triggering inflammatory bowel disease 6 . In concert, these results demonstrate that the gut microbiome can rapidly respond to altered diet, potentially facilitating the diversity of human dietary lifestyles.

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A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing.

Junjie Qin, Ruiqiang Li, Jeroen Raes … (2010)

To understand the impact of gut microbes on human health and well-being it is crucial to assess their genetic potential. Here we describe the Illumina-based metagenomic sequencing, assembly and characterization of 3.3 million non-redundant microbial genes, derived from 576.7 gigabases of sequence, from faecal samples of 124 European individuals. The gene set, approximately 150 times larger than the human gene complement, contains an overwhelming majority of the prevalent (more frequent) microbial genes of the cohort and probably includes a large proportion of the prevalent human intestinal microbial genes. The genes are largely shared among individuals of the cohort. Over 99% of the genes are bacterial, indicating that the entire cohort harbours between 1,000 and 1,150 prevalent bacterial species and each individual at least 160 such species, which are also largely shared. We define and describe the minimal gut metagenome and the minimal gut bacterial genome in terms of functions present in all individuals and most bacteria, respectively.

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Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography

Tanya Yatsunenko, Federico E Rey, Mark Manary … (2012)

Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ between human populations when viewed from the perspective of component microbial lineages, encoded metabolic functions, stage of postnatal development, and environmental exposures, we characterized bacterial species present in fecal samples obtained from 531 individuals representing healthy Amerindians from the Amazonas of Venezuela, residents of rural Malawian communities, and inhabitants of USA metropolitan areas, as well as the gene content of 110 of their microbiomes. This cohort encompassed infants, children, teenagers and adults, parents and offspring, and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the representation of genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial species assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between individuals residing in the USA compared to the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. In addition, the similarity of fecal microbiomes among family members extends across cultures. These findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations, and the impact of Westernization.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Annet Kirabo:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8580-9359

Annet.Kirabo@vumc.org

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Hum Hypertens

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Hum Hypertens

Title: Journal of Human Hypertension

Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )

ISSN (Print): 0950-9240

ISSN (Electronic): 1476-5527

Publication date (Electronic): 25 April 2022

Publication date PMC-release: 25 April 2022

Publication date (Print): 2022

Volume: 36

Issue: 11

Pages: 952-959

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.442660.2, ISNI 0000 0004 0449 0406, Mulungushi University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, , HAND Research Group, ; Livingstone, Zambia

[2 ]GRID grid.412807.8, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9916, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, , Department of Medicine, ; Nashville, TN USA

Author information

Sepiso K. Masenga http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4376-5831

Mohammad Saleem http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8091-8361

Cheryl L. Laffer http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6453-6010

Fernando Elijovich http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2511-056X

Annet Kirabo http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8580-9359

Article

Publisher ID: 698

DOI: 10.1038/s41371-022-00698-6

PMC ID: 9649420

PubMed ID: 35469059

SO-VID: 16dec265-9bba-409d-b6a6-3ad5bf0e972f

License:

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Date received : 15 October 2021

Date revision received : 29 March 2022

Date accepted : 12 April 2022

Funding

Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100000061, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Fogarty International Center (FIC);

Award ID: TW009744

Award ID: TW009337

Award Recipient : Sepiso K. Masenga

Funded by: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Fogarty International Center (FIC)

Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100000050, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI);

Award ID: R03HL155041

Award ID: R01HL144941

Award Recipient : Annet Kirabo

Funded by: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Cardiovascular Medicine

Keywords: physiology,cardiovascular diseases

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Cardiovascular Medicine

Keywords: physiology, cardiovascular diseases

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Recent advances in modulation of cardiovascular diseases by the gut microbiota

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Cardiovascular Innovations and Applications

Most cited references 89

Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome

A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing.

Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography

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Cited by 21

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