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      Screening of family members of chronic kidney disease patients with Fabry disease mutations: a very important and underrated task Translated title: Triagem de familiares de pacientes com doença renal crônica com mutação na doença de Fabry: uma tarefa muito importante e subestimada

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          ABSTRACT

          Introduction:

          Fabry disease is a chronic, progressive, and multi-system hereditary condition, related to an Xq22 mutation in X chromosome, which results in deficiency of alpha-galactosidase enzyme, hence reduced capacity of globotriaosylceramide degradation.

          Objectives:

          to evaluate the prevalence of Fabry disease (FD) mutations, as well as its signs and symptoms, among relatives of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients diagnosed with FD during a previously conducted study, named “Clinical and epidemiological analysis of Fabry disease in dialysis centers in Brazil”.

          Methods:

          a cross-sectional study was carried out, and data was collected by interviewing the relatives of patients enrolled in the Brazil Fabry Kidney Project and blood tests for both Gb3 dosage and genetic testing.

          Results:

          Among 1214 interviewed relatives, 115 (9.47%) were diagnosed with FD, with a predominance of women (66.10%). The most prevalent comorbidities were rheumatologic conditions and systemic hypertension (1.7% each), followed by heart, neurological, cerebrovascular diseases, and depression in 0.9% of individuals. Intolerance to physical exercise and tiredness were the most observed symptoms (1.7%), followed by periodic fever, intolerance to heat or cold, diffuse pain, burn sensation or numbness in hands and feet, reduced or absent sweating, as well as abdominal pain after meals in 0.9%.

          Conclusion:

          We found a prevalence of Fabry disease in 9.47% of relatives of CKD patients with this condition, remarkably with a 66.1% predominance of women, which contrasts with previous reports. The screening of family members of FD patients is important, since it can lead to early diagnosis and treatment, thus allowing better quality of life and improved clinical outcomes for these individuals.

          RESUMO

          Introdução:

          A doença de Fabry é uma condição hereditária crônica, progressiva e multissistêmica, relacionada a uma mutação Xq22 no cromossomo X, que resulta em deficiência da enzima alfa-galactosidase, diminuindo a capacidade de degradação da globotriaosilceramida. Objetivos: avaliar a prevalência de mutações na doença de Fabry, bem como seus sinais e sintomas, em familiares de pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) diagnosticados com DF durante um estudo realizado anteriormente, denominado “Análise clínica e epidemiológica da doença de Fabry em centros de diálise no Brasil”.

          Métodos:

          foi realizado um estudo transversal e os dados foram coletados através da entrevista com familiares de pacientes inscritos no Projeto Rim Fabry Brasil e exames de sangue para dosagem de Gb3 e testes genéticos.

          Resultados:

          Dos 1,214 familiares entrevistados, 115 (9,47%) foram diagnosticados com DF, com predomínio de mulheres (66,10%). As comorbidades mais prevalentes foram condições reumatológicas e hipertensão arterial sistêmica (1,7% cada), seguidas por doenças cardíacas, neurológicas, cerebrovasculares e depressão em 0,9% dos indivíduos. Intolerância ao exercício físico e cansaço foram os sintomas mais observados (1,7%), seguidos de febre periódica, intolerância ao calor ou ao frio, dor difusa, sensação de queimação ou dormência nas mãos e nos pés, sudorese reduzida ou ausente, além de dor abdominal após refeições em 0,9%.

          Conclusão:

          Encontramos uma prevalência da doença de Fabry em 9,47% dos familiares de pacientes com DRC com essa condição, notadamente com uma predominância de 66,1% de mulheres, o que contrasta com relatos anteriores. A triagem de familiares de pacientes com DF é importante, pois pode levar ao diagnóstico e tratamento precoces, permitindo melhor qualidade de vida e melhores resultados clínicos para esses indivíduos.

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          Fabry disease

          Fabry disease (FD) is a progressive, X-linked inherited disorder of glycosphingolipid metabolism due to deficient or absent lysosomal α-galactosidase A activity. FD is pan-ethnic and the reported annual incidence of 1 in 100,000 may underestimate the true prevalence of the disease. Classically affected hemizygous males, with no residual α-galactosidase A activity may display all the characteristic neurological (pain), cutaneous (angiokeratoma), renal (proteinuria, kidney failure), cardiovascular (cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia), cochleo-vestibular and cerebrovascular (transient ischemic attacks, strokes) signs of the disease while heterozygous females have symptoms ranging from very mild to severe. Deficient activity of lysosomal α-galactosidase A results in progressive accumulation of globotriaosylceramide within lysosomes, believed to trigger a cascade of cellular events. Demonstration of marked α-galactosidase A deficiency is the definitive method for the diagnosis of hemizygous males. Enzyme analysis may occasionnally help to detect heterozygotes but is often inconclusive due to random X-chromosomal inactivation so that molecular testing (genotyping) of females is mandatory. In childhood, other possible causes of pain such as rheumatoid arthritis and 'growing pains' must be ruled out. In adulthood, multiple sclerosis is sometimes considered. Prenatal diagnosis, available by determination of enzyme activity or DNA testing in chorionic villi or cultured amniotic cells is, for ethical reasons, only considered in male fetuses. Pre-implantation diagnosis is possible. The existence of atypical variants and the availability of a specific therapy singularly complicate genetic counseling. A disease-specific therapeutic option - enzyme replacement therapy using recombinant human α-galactosidase A - has been recently introduced and its long term outcome is currently still being investigated. Conventional management consists of pain relief with analgesic drugs, nephroprotection (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptors blockers) and antiarrhythmic agents, whereas dialysis or renal transplantation are available for patients experiencing end-stage renal failure. With age, progressive damage to vital organ systems develops and at some point, organs may start to fail in functioning. End-stage renal disease and life-threatening cardiovascular or cerebrovascular complications limit life-expectancy of untreated males and females with reductions of 20 and 10 years, respectively, as compared to the general population. While there is increasing evidence that long-term enzyme therapy can halt disease progression, the importance of adjunctive therapies should be emphasized and the possibility of developing an oral therapy drives research forward into active site specific chaperones.
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            Fabry's disease.

            Fabry's disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by abnormalities in the GLA gene, which leads to a deficiency in alpha-galactosidase A. The consequent abnormal accumulation of glycosphingolipids results in several clinical signs and symptoms and substantial morbidity and mortality. This review covers all basic aspects of the disease such as epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation by systems, diagnosis, management, prevention, and repercussions on quality of life. With the development of enzyme replacement therapy in the past few years, early initiation of treatment is key for improvement in major affected organs with decreased cardiac mass and stabilisation of kidney function, and improvement in neuropathic pain, sweating, gastrointestinal symptoms, hearing loss, and pulmonary symptoms. However, treatment of individual symptoms in addition to enzyme replacement therapy seems to be needed for many patients, especially those who have had some degree of organ dysfunction. Additional data are needed to document long-term treatment outcomes.
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              Characterization of Fabry disease in 352 pediatric patients in the Fabry Registry.

              Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal disease caused by deficiency of alpha-galactosidase A. Signs and symptoms of Fabry disease occurring during childhood and adolescence were characterized in 352 Fabry Registry patients. At enrollment (median age 12 year), 77% of males and 51% of females reported symptoms. The median age of symptom onset was 6 year in males and 9 year in females. The most frequent symptom, neuropathic pain, was reported by 59% of males (median age 7 year) and 41% of females (median age 9 year). Gastrointestinal symptoms were reported by 18% of children (median age 5 year in males and 9.5 year in females). Males exhibited height and weight values below the US 50th percentile. Females had weight values above the US 50th percentile. A few patients had serious renal and cardiac manifestations, stage 2 or 3 chronic kidney disease (n = 3), arrhythmia (n = 9), and left ventricular hypertrophy (n = 3). Thus, many pediatric Fabry patients report early symptoms, particularly pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, and impaired quality of life. Some children experience major complications during the pediatric years.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Bras Nefrol
                J Bras Nefrol
                jbn
                Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia
                Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia
                0101-2800
                2175-8239
                14 September 2020
                Jan-Mar 2021
                : 43
                : 1
                : 28-33
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.
                [2 ]Faculdade de Medicina Campos, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil.
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Natália Maria da Silva Fernandes. E-mail: nataliafernandes02@ 123456gmail.com

                AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION

                Luciana Senra de Souza Sodré, Luciane Senra de Souza Braga contributed to the conception and design of the study and writing and critical review of the manuscript. Marcelo Paula Coutinho, Rosália Maria Nunes Henriques Huaira, Fernando Antônio Basile Colugnati, with the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data. Moises Carminatti, revision and translation. Natália Maria da Silva Fernandes contributed to the conception and design of the study and writing and critical review and submission of the manuscript all authors gave final approval of the version to be published.

                CONFLICT OF INTEREST

                The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest related to the publication of this manuscript.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0522-1550
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5061-9299
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8288-203X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9310-5463
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7094-8724
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1843-7377
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8728-7937
                Article
                10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2020-0080
                8061964
                32930322
                16a11998-06ee-4cb9-b9e2-993162d70074

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 11 April 2020
                : 26 July 2020
                Categories
                Original Article

                renal insufficiency, chronic,fabry disease,triage,family,brazil,insuficiência renal crônica,doença de fabry,triagem,família,brasil

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