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Abstract
This cross-sectional study compares trends in the prevalence of binge drinking and
heavy alcohol consumption among pregnant and nonpregnant women from 2011 through 2020.
Key Points Question How have rates of alcohol-induced deaths changed in recent years among different US population subgroups? Findings In this serial cross-sectional study using US mortality data from 2000 to 2016, large increases in alcohol-induced mortality among both men and women were observed. Despite initial decreases among some groups, significant increases in mortality were observed among all racial/ethnic groups in the years 2013 to 2016. Meaning The recent acceleration of alcohol-induced deaths observed in this study indicates a broad public health challenge worthy of urgent attention.
Question What is the prevalence of financial hardship, including unmet health care need due to cost, health care unaffordability, and general financial stress, among peripartum women in the United States? Findings This cross-sectional study of 3509 peripartum women, weighted to represent more than 1 million women, found that financial hardship was common: from 2013 to 2018, 24% reported unmet health care needs; 60%, health care unaffordability; and 54%, general financial stress. Private insurance was associated with lower odds of unmet health care need but higher odds of health care unaffordability, and lower household income was associated with higher odds of both unmet health care need and health care unaffordability. Meaning These findings suggest that financial hardship is highly prevalent among peripartum women, which should prompt policy interventions to promote the economic well-being of families. This cross-sectional study evaluates the prevalence of financial hardship, including as unmet health care need due to cost, health care unaffordability, and general financial stress, among peripartum women over time and by insurance type and income. Importance Financial hardship affects health care access and health outcomes among peripartum women. Objective To evaluate the prevalence of financial hardship among peripartum women over time and by insurance type and income. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study included peripartum women, defined as women aged 18 to 45 years who reported being currently pregnant or pregnant in the past 12 months, who participated in the National Health Interview Survey from 2013 to 2018. Data were analyzed from January to May 2021. Exposures Current pregnancy or recent pregnancy as well as insurance type and income. Main Outcomes and Measures Three measures of financial hardship within the last year were evaluated: (1) unmet health care need due to cost (unmet need for medical care or delayed or deferred medical care due to cost); (2) health care unaffordability (worry about paying for potential medical bills or existing medical debt); and (3) general financial stress (worry about subsistence spending [eg, monthly bills, housing]). Results The study cohort included 3509 peripartum women, weighted to represent 1 050 789 women (2018: an estimated 36 045 of 184 018 [19.6%] Hispanic, 39 017 [21.2%] Black, and 97 366 [52.9%] White), with a mean (SD) age of 29 (6) years. Overall, from 2013 to 2018, 24.2% (95% CI, 22.6%-26.0%) of peripartum women reported unmet health care need, 60.0% (95% CI, 58.0%-61.9%) reported health care unaffordability, and 54.0% (95% CI, 51.5%-56.5%) reported general financial stress. The prevalence of financial hardship outcomes did not substantially change between 2013 and 2018 (unmet health care need in 2013: 27.9% [95% CI, 24.4%-31.7%]; in 2018: 23.7% [95% CI, 19.5%-28.6%]; health care unaffordability in 2013: 65.7% [95% CI, 61.1%-70.0%]; in 2018: 58.8% [95% CI, 53.4%-64.0%]; general financial stress in 2013: 60.6% [95% CI, 55.2%-65.8%]; in 2018: 53.8% [95% CI, 47.8%-59.8%]). Women with private insurance had lower odds of unmet need (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.67; 95% CI, 0.52-0.87) but higher odds of health care unaffordability (aOR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.49-2.36) compared with women with public insurance. Peripartum women with household incomes less than 400% of the federal poverty level had higher odds of unmet need (aOR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.08-2.08) and unaffordable care (aOR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.54-2.55) compared with those with household incomes 400% or more of federal poverty level. Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that financial hardship among peripartum women in the United States was common from 2013 to 2018, including 24% of pregnant and postpartum women reporting unmet health care need and 60% reporting health care unaffordability. Women with private insurance and those living on lower incomes were more likely to experience unaffordable health care than women with pubic insurance and those with higher incomes, respectively. Targeted policy interventions are needed to improve health care affordability and promote overall economic security among peripartum women.
Corresponding Author: Jeffrey T. Howard, PhD, College for Health, Community and Policy, Department of Public
Health, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249
(
jeffrey.howard@
123456utsa.edu
).
Author Contributions: Dr J. T. Howard had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility
for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Concept and design: J. T. Howard, K. J. Howard.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors.
Drafting of the manuscript: J. T. Howard, Flores, Leong, Nocito, K. J. Howard.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: J. T. Howard, Perrotte, K. J. Howard.
Statistical analysis: J. T. Howard, Flores, Leong, Nocito.
Administrative, technical, or material support: J. T. Howard, Perrotte, K. J. Howard.
Supervision: J. T. Howard, K. J. Howard.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.
Funding/Support: This study was supported in part through the Lutcher Brown Endowed Fellowship (Dr
J. T. Howard).
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management,
analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the
manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Meeting Presentation: An early version of the figure was presented in a poster at a University of Texas
at San Antonio Public Health Week Research Showcase; April 7, 2022.
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