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      Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents: Testing Vulnerability-Stress and Protective Models in the Context of COVID-19

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Adolescents who experience negative life events may be at risk for depression, particularly those with psychosocial vulnerabilities. We investigate longitudinally the impact of vulnerability/protective factors on the relation between a large-scale negative life event, the COVID-19 pandemic, and depressive symptoms. Adolescents (N = 228, M age = 14.5 years, 53% female, 73% white) self-reported depressive symptoms 2–4 months before the pandemic (Time 1), and again 2 months following stay-at-home orders (Time 2). At T2, adolescents also completed measures of vulnerability, protective factors, and COVID-19-related distress. Depressive symptoms increased at T2, and COVID-19 distress interacted with resilience and negative cognitive style in predicting increases in T2 depression. Focusing on vulnerability and protective factors in adolescents distressed by large scale negative life events appears crucial.

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          Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC).

          Kathryn M Connor, Jonathan Davidson (2003)
          Resilience may be viewed as a measure of stress coping ability and, as such, could be an important target of treatment in anxiety, depression, and stress reactions. We describe a new rating scale to assess resilience. The Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC) comprises of 25 items, each rated on a 5-point scale (0-4), with higher scores reflecting greater resilience. The scale was administered to subjects in the following groups: community sample, primary care outpatients, general psychiatric outpatients, clinical trial of generalized anxiety disorder, and two clinical trials of PTSD. The reliability, validity, and factor analytic structure of the scale were evaluated, and reference scores for study samples were calculated. Sensitivity to treatment effects was examined in subjects from the PTSD clinical trials. The scale demonstrated good psychometric properties and factor analysis yielded five factors. A repeated measures ANOVA showed that an increase in CD-RISC score was associated with greater improvement during treatment. Improvement in CD-RISC score was noted in proportion to overall clinical global improvement, with greatest increase noted in subjects with the highest global improvement and deterioration in CD-RISC score in those with minimal or no global improvement. The CD-RISC has sound psychometric properties and distinguishes between those with greater and lesser resilience. The scale demonstrates that resilience is modifiable and can improve with treatment, with greater improvement corresponding to higher levels of global improvement. Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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            The PHQ-9: A New Depression Diagnostic and Severity Measure

            Kurt Kroenke, Robert L Spitzer (2002)
            Article 0 comments Cited 1149 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population.

              Kurt Kroenke, Tara Strine, Robert L Spitzer … (2009)
              The eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale (PHQ-8) is established as a valid diagnostic and severity measure for depressive disorders in large clinical studies. Our objectives were to assess the PHQ-8 as a depression measure in a large, epidemiological population-based study, and to determine the comparability of depression as defined by the PHQ-8 diagnostic algorithm vs. a PHQ-8 cutpoint > or = 10. Random-digit-dialed telephone survey of 198,678 participants in the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS), a population-based survey in the United States. Current depression as defined by either the DSM-IV based diagnostic algorithm (i.e., major depressive or other depressive disorder) of the PHQ-8 or a PHQ-8 score > or = 10; respondent sociodemographic characteristics; number of days of impairment in the past 30 days in multiple domains of health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The prevalence of current depression was similar whether defined by the diagnostic algorithm or a PHQ-8 score > or = 10 (9.1% vs. 8.6%). Depressed patients had substantially more days of impairment across multiple domains of HRQoL, and the impairment was nearly identical in depressed groups defined by either method. Of the 17,040 respondents with a PHQ-8 score > or = 10, major depressive disorder was present in 49.7%, other depressive disorder in 23.9%, depressed mood or anhedonia in another 22.8%, and no evidence of depressive disorder or depressive symptoms in only 3.5%. The PHQ-8 diagnostic algorithm rather than an independent structured psychiatric interview was used as the criterion standard. The PHQ-8 is a useful depression measure for population-based studies, and either its diagnostic algorithm or a cutpoint > or = 10 can be used for defining current depression.
              Article 0 comments Cited 991 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Tracy R. G. Gladstone:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2045-6959
                tgladsto@wellesley.edu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Child Psychiatry Hum Dev
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Child Psychiatry Hum Dev
                Title: Child Psychiatry and Human Development
                Publisher: Springer US (New York )
                ISSN (Print): 0009-398X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1573-3327
                Publication date (Electronic): 7 July 2021
                Pages: 1-11
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.268091.4, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9561, The Robert S. and Grace W. Stone Primary Prevention Initiatives, Wellesley Centers for Women, , Wellesley College, ; 106 Central Street, Wellesley, MA 02481 USA
                [2 ]GRID grid.266190.a, ISNI 0000000096214564, University of Colorado, ; Boulder, CO USA
                [3 ]GRID grid.266623.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2113 1622, Department of Counseling and Human Development, , University of Louisville, ; Louisville, KY USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2045-6959
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1216
                DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01216-4
                PMC ID: 8262586
                PubMed ID: 34235630
                SO-VID: 15704201-689f-4496-9d15-e416c37b04b9
                Copyright © © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Date accepted : 27 June 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: Wellesley College Primary Prevention Fund
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: adolescent,depression,covid-19,resilience,cognitive styles
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: adolescent, depression, covid-19, resilience, cognitive styles

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