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      Application of Solid Phase Extraction on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes of Some Heavy Metal Ions to Analysis of Skin Whitening Cosmetics Using ICP-AES

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          Abstract

          A novel and highly sensitive method for the determination of some heavy metals in skin whitening cosmetics creams using multiwalled carbon nanotubes MWCNTs as solid phase extraction sorbent for the preconcentration of these heavy metals prior to their determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry is described. Different practical parameters have been thoroughly investigated and the optimum experimental conditions were employed. The developed method was then applied for the determination of arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, mercury, lead and titanium in samples of skin whitening cosmetics. The detection limits under these conditions for As, Bi, Cd, Pb, Hg and Ti were 2.4, 4.08, 0.3, 2.1, 1.8, and 1.8 ng·mL −1, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were found to be less than 2.0%. For validation, a certified reference material of NIST SRM 1570a spinach leaves was analyzed and the determined values were in good agreement with the certified values. The recoveries for spiked samples were found to be in the range of 89.6–104.4%.

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          Multiwalled carbon nanotubes as a solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the determination of bisphenol A, 4-n-nonylphenol, and 4-tert-octylphenol.

          Yaqi Cai, Guibin Jiang, Jingfu Liu … (2003)
          The adsorptive potential of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) for solid-phase extraction of bisphenol A, 4-n-nonylphenol, and 4-tert-octylphenol was investigated for the first time. The three analytes are quantitatively adsorbed on a MWNTs-packed cartridge, then the analytes retained on the cartridge are quantitatively desorbed with suitable amounts of methanol. Finally, the analytes in the methanol eluate are determined by high performance liquid chromatography-fluorometric detection. Parameters influencing the extraction efficiency, such as volume of the sample solutions, pH of the sample, and the eluent volume, were examined. Comparative studies showed that MWNTs were superior to C18 for the extraction of the more polar analyte bisphenol A and at least as effective as C18 for the extraction of 4-n-nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol. Compared to XAD-2 copolymer, MWNTs exhibited a better property for the extraction of all three analytes. The developed method has been applied to determine bisphenol A, 4-n-nonylphenol, and 4-tert-octylphenol in several environmental water samples. The accuracy of the proposed method was tested by recovery measurements on spiked samples, and good recovery results (89.8-104.2%) were obtained. Detection limits of 0.083, 0.024, and 0.018 ng mL(-1) for bisphenol A, 4-n-nonylphenol, and 4-tert-octylphenol, respectively, were achieved under the optimized conditions.
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            Mercury Levels in Locally Manufactured Mexican Skin-Lightening Creams

            Claudia Peregrino, Myriam V. Moreno, Silvia V. Miranda … (2011)
            Mercury is considered one of the most toxic elements for plants and animals. Nevertheless, in the Middle East, Asia and Latin America, whitening creams containing mercury are being manufactured and purchased, despite their obvious health risks. Due to the mass distribution of these products, this can be considered a global public health issue. In Mexico, these products are widely available in pharmacies, beauty aid and health stores. They are used for their skin lightening effects. The aim of this work was to analyze the mercury content in some cosmetic whitening creams using the cold vapor technique coupled with atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS). A total of 16 skin-lightening creams from the local market were investigated. No warning information was noted on the packaging. In 10 of the samples, no mercury was detected. The mercury content in six of the samples varied between 878 and 36,000 ppm, despite the fact that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has determined that the limit for mercury in creams should be less than 1 ppm. Skin creams containing mercury are still available and commonly used in Mexico and many developing countries, and their contents are poorly controlled.
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              Mercury content in skin-lightening creams and potential hazards to the health of Saudi Women.

              I al-Saleh, I al-Doush (1997)
              It seems evident from a wealth of scientific research that mercury is toxic. Because of the nature of the Saudi markets, different brands of skin-lightening creams are widely available. In this study, 38 skin-lightening cream samples were collected and analyzed for mercury by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry after an acid digestion procedure. About 45% of the tested skin-lightening cream samples contained mercury at levels well above the FDA's acceptable limit of 1 ppm. These findings are alarming and have wide legal and educational implications for Saudi Arabia in particular and developing countries in general. Further investigation for possible adverse health effects is also needed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijerph
                Title: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Print): 1661-7827
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-4601
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 January 2013
                Publication date (Print): January 2013
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 361-374
                Affiliations
                Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: aayoub17@ 123456yahoo.com (A.A.A.); zaothman@ 123456ksu.edu.sa (Z.A.A.); kmohmmed@ 123456ksu.edu.sa (K.O.)
                Author notes
                [* ] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: maabdall@ 123456ksu.edu.sa .
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijerph-10-00361
                DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10010361
                PMC ID: 3564147
                PubMed ID: 23343988
                SO-VID: 140816fe-3c6c-429a-9a1c-175b2d5554f0
                Copyright © © 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 13 August 2012
                Date revision received : 19 December 2012
                Date accepted : 20 December 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: cosmetics,heavy metals,icp-aes,preconcentration,solid phase extraction,mwcnt
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: cosmetics, heavy metals, icp-aes, preconcentration, solid phase extraction, mwcnt

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