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      Antibiofilm Activity of a Trichoderma Metabolite against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, Alone and in Association with a Phage

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          Abstract

          Biofilm protects bacteria against the host’s immune system and adverse environmental conditions. Several studies highlight the efficacy of lytic phages in the prevention and eradication of bacterial biofilms. In this study, the lytic activity of Xccφ1 ( Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris-specific phage) was evaluated in combination with 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (a secondary metabolite produced by Trichoderma atroviride P1) and the mineral hydroxyapatite. Then, the antibiofilm activity of this interaction, called a φHA6PP complex, was investigated using confocal laser microscopy under static and dynamic conditions. Additionally, the mechanism used by the complex to modulate the genes ( rpf, gumB, clp and manA) involved in the biofilm formation and stability was also studied. Our results demonstrated that Xccφ1, alone or in combination with 6PP and HA, interfered with the gene pathways involved in the formation of biofilm. This approach can be used as a model for other biofilm-producing bacteria.

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          Purification of RNA using TRIzol (TRI reagent).

          Donald Rio, Manuel Ares, Gregory Hannon … (2010)
          TRIzol solubilization and extraction is a relatively recently developed general method for deproteinizing RNA. This method is particularly advantageous in situations where cells or tissues are enriched for endogenous RNases or when separation of cytoplasmic RNA from nuclear RNA is impractical. TRIzol (or TRI Reagent) is a monophasic solution of phenol and guanidinium isothiocyanate that simultaneously solubilizes biological material and denatures protein. After solubilization, the addition of chloroform causes phase separation (much like extraction with phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol), where protein is extracted to the organic phase, DNA resolves at the interface, and RNA remains in the aqueous phase. Therefore, RNA, DNA, and protein can be purified from a single sample (hence, the name TRIzol). TRIzol extraction is also an effective method for isolating small RNAs, such as microRNAs, piwi-associated RNAs, or endogeneous, small interfering RNAs. However, TRIzol is expensive and RNA pellets can be difficult to resuspend. Thus, the use of TRIzol is not recommend when regular phenol extraction is practical.
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            Riddle of biofilm resistance.

            K. Lewis (2001)
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              Bacteria antibiotic resistance: New challenges and opportunities for implant-associated orthopedic infections

              Bingyun Li, Thomas Webster (2017)
              There has been a dramatic increase in the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains, which has made antibiotic choices for infection control increasingly limited and more expensive. In the U.S. alone, antibiotic resistant bacteria cause at least 2 million infections and 23,000 deaths a year resulting in a $55–70 billion per year economic impact. Antibiotics are critical to the success of surgical procedures including orthopaedic prosthetic surgeries, and antibiotic resistance is occurring in nearly all bacteria that infect people, including the most common bacteria that cause orthopaedic infections, such as Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ). Most clinical cases of orthopaedic surgeries have shown that patients infected with antibiotic resistant bacteria, such as methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This paper reviews the severity of antibiotic resistance at the global scale, the consequences of antibiotic resistance, and the pathways bacteria used to develop antibiotic resistance. It highlights the opportunities and challenges in limiting antibiotic resistance through approaches like the development of novel, non-drug approaches to reduce bacteria functions related to orthopaedic implant-associated infections.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Microorganisms
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Microorganisms
                Journal ID (publisher-id): microorganisms
                Title: Microorganisms
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2076-2607
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 April 2020
                Publication date Collection: May 2020
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: 620
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; marina.papaianni@ 123456unina.it (M.P.); zoina@ 123456unina.it (A.Z.); lorito@ 123456unina.it (M.L.); capparel@ 123456unina.it (R.C.)
                [2 ]Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy; ananrita.ricciardelli@ 123456unina.it
                [3 ]Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno (IZSM), 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; Andrea.Fulgione@ 123456izsm.it
                [4 ]Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; woo@ 123456unina.it
                [5 ]Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
                [6 ]Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: frvinale@ 123456unina.it ; Tel.: +390812539338
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8611-6140
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5090-8127
                Article
                Publisher ID: microorganisms-08-00620
                DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050620
                PMC ID: 7284391
                PubMed ID: 32344872
                SO-VID: 137185ef-5a81-4a0c-a98c-5cdeec7178a8
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 16 March 2020
                Date accepted : 22 April 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Communication

                Keywords: xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris,6-pentyl-α-pyrone,antibiosis,trichoderma,secondary metabolites,antibiofilm,gram-negative bacterium,antibiotic resistance
                Data availability:
                Keywords: xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, 6-pentyl-α-pyrone, antibiosis, trichoderma, secondary metabolites, antibiofilm, gram-negative bacterium, antibiotic resistance

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