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      The role of long non-coding RNA ANRIL in the development of atherosclerosis

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          Abstract

          Atherosclerosis is an important pathological basis of coronary heart disease, and the antisense non-coding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL) is located in the genetically susceptible segment with the strongest correlation with it - the short arm 2 region 1 of chromosome 9 (Chr9p21). ANRIL can produce linear, circular and other transcripts through different transcriptional splicing methods, which can regulate the proliferation and apoptosis of related cells and closely related to the development of atherosclerotic plaques. Linear ANRIL can regulate proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in plaques by chromatin modification, as well as affecting on proliferation and the apoptosis of macrophages at the transcriptional level; circular ANRIL can affect on proliferation and apoptosis of VSMCs by chromatin modification as well as interfering with rRNA maturation. In this review we describe the evolutionary characteristics of ANRIL, the formation and structure of transcripts, and the mechanism by which each transcript regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of vascular cells and then participates in atherosclerosis.

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          The biogenesis, biology and characterization of circular RNAs

          Lasse S. Kristensen, Maria Andersen, Lotte V. W. Stagsted … (2019)
          Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are covalently closed, endogenous biomolecules in eukaryotes with tissue-specific and cell-specific expression patterns, whose biogenesis is regulated by specific cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors. Some circRNAs are abundant and evolutionarily conserved, and many circRNAs exert important biological functions by acting as microRNA or protein inhibitors ('sponges'), by regulating protein function or by being translated themselves. Furthermore, circRNAs have been implicated in diseases such as diabetes mellitus, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Although the circular nature of these transcripts makes their detection, quantification and functional characterization challenging, recent advances in high-throughput RNA sequencing and circRNA-specific computational tools have driven the development of state-of-the-art approaches for their identification, and novel approaches to functional characterization are emerging.
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            Exon-intron circular RNAs regulate transcription in the nucleus.

            Zhaoyong Li, Chuan Huang, Chun De Bao … (2015)
            Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have numerous roles in development and disease, and one of the prominent roles is to regulate gene expression. A vast number of circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been identified, and some have been shown to function as microRNA sponges in animal cells. Here, we report a class of circRNAs associated with RNA polymerase II in human cells. In these circRNAs, exons are circularized with introns 'retained' between exons; we term them exon-intron circRNAs or EIciRNAs. EIciRNAs predominantly localize in the nucleus, interact with U1 snRNP and promote transcription of their parental genes. Our findings reveal a new role for circRNAs in regulating gene expression in the nucleus, in which EIciRNAs enhance the expression of their parental genes in cis, and highlight a regulatory strategy for transcriptional control via specific RNA-RNA interaction between U1 snRNA and EIciRNAs.
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              The Biogenesis, Functions, and Challenges of Circular RNAs

              Li X. Yang, Ling-Ling Chen, Xiang Li (2018)
              Covalently closed circular RNAs (circRNAs) are produced by precursor mRNA back-splicing of exons of thousands of genes in eukaryotes. circRNAs are generally expressed at low levels and often exhibit cell-type-specific and tissue-specific patterns. Recent studies have shown that their biogenesis requires spliceosomal machinery and can be modulated by both cis complementary sequences and protein factors. The functions of most circRNAs remain largely unexplored, but known functions include sequestration of microRNAs or proteins, modulation of transcription and interference with splicing, and even translation to produce polypeptides. However, challenges exist at multiple levels to understanding of the regulation of circRNAs because of their circular conformation and sequence overlap with linear mRNA counterparts. In this review, we survey the recent progress on circRNA biogenesis and function and discuss technical obstacles in circRNA studies.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Ilgiz Gareev
                Valentin Kudriashov
                Albert Sufianov
                Sema Begliarzade
                Tatiana Ilyasova
                Yanchao Liang
                Ozal Beylerli
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Noncoding RNA Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Noncoding RNA Res
                Title: Non-coding RNA Research
                Publisher: KeAi Publishing
                ISSN (Electronic): 2468-0540
                Publication date PMC-release: 06 September 2022
                Publication date Collection: December 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 06 September 2022
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 212-216
                Affiliations
                [a ]Educational and Scientific Institute of Neurosurgery, Рeoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
                [b ]Gastric Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, China
                [c ]Department of Neurosurgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
                [d ]Republican Clinical Perinatal Center, Republic of Bashkortostan, 450106, Russia
                [e ]Department of Internal Diseases, Bashkir State Medical University, Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa, 450008, Russia
                [f ]Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. obeylerli@ 123456mail.ru
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2468-0540(22)00047-6
                DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2022.09.002
                PMC ID: 9467859
                PubMed ID: 36157350
                SO-VID: 1358888f-9a4b-4887-9870-bb0cdbc2e7c0
                Copyright © © 2022 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 21 July 2022
                Date revision received : 22 August 2022
                Date accepted : 1 September 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                Keywords: long non-coding rna,anril,atherosclerosis,apoptosis,cell proliferation
                Data availability:
                Keywords: long non-coding rna, anril, atherosclerosis, apoptosis, cell proliferation

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