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      A Review of the Preparation, Analysis and Biological Functions of Chitooligosaccharide

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          Abstract

          Chitooligosaccharide (COS), which is acknowledged for possessing multiple functions, is a kind of low-molecular-weight polymer prepared by degrading chitosan via enzymatic, chemical methods, etc. COS has comprehensive applications in various fields including food, agriculture, pharmacy, clinical therapy, and environmental industries. Besides having excellent properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, adsorptive abilities and non-toxicity like chitin and chitosan, COS has better solubility. In addition, COS has strong biological functions including anti-inflammatory, antitumor, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective effects, etc. The present paper has summarized the preparation methods, analytical techniques and biological functions to provide an overall understanding of the application of COS.

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          Biological activities of chitosan and chitooligosaccharides

          Wenshui Xia, Ping Liu, Jiali Zhang … (2011)
          Article 0 comments Cited 170 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Chitooligosaccharides and their biological activities: A comprehensive review

            Fakhra Liaqat, Rengin Eltem (2018)
            Article 0 comments Cited 114 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Comparison of the ability of partially N-acetylated chitosans and chitooligosaccharides to elicit resistance reactions in wheat leaves

              Eddine El Gueddari N, Bruno Maria Moerschbacher, Vander Fernandes … (1998)
              Chitin, a linear polysaccharide composed of (1-->4)-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose (GlcNAc) residues, and chitosan, the fully or partially N-acetylated, water-soluble derivative of chitin composed of (1-->4)-linked GlcNAc and 2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose (GlcN), have been proposed as elicitors of defense reactions in higher plants. We tested and compared the ability of purified (1-->4)-linked oligomers of GlcNAc (tetramer to decamer) and of GlcN (pentamer and heptamer) and partially N-acetylated chitosans with degrees of acetylation (DA) of 1%, 15%, 35%, 49%, and 60% and average degrees of polymerization between 540 and 1100 to elicit phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and peroxidase (POD) activities, lignin deposition, and microscopically and macroscopically visible necroses when injected into the intercellular spaces of healthy, nonwounded wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves. Purified oligomers of (1-->4)-linked GlcN were not active as elicitors, whereas purified oligomers of (1-->4)-linked GlcNAc with a degree of polymerization >/= 7 strongly elicited POD activities but not PAL activities. Partially N-acetylated, polymeric chitosans elicited both PAL and POD activities, and maximum elicitation was observed with chitosans of intermediate DAs. All chitosans but not the chitin oligomers induced the deposition of lignin, the appearance of necrotic cells exhibiting yellow autofluorescence under ultraviolet light, and macroscopically visible necroses; those with intermediate DAs were most active. These results suggest that different mechanisms are involved in the elicitation of POD activities by GlcNAc oligomers, and of PAL and POD activities by partially N-acetylated chitosan polymers and that both enzymes have to be activated for lignin biosynthesis and ensuing necrosis to occur.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 July 2018
                Publication date Collection: August 2018
                Volume: 19
                Issue: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2197
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, China; 171083210405@ 123456buu.edu.cn
                [2 ]Department of Food Sciences, College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China; sunxx@ 123456buu.edu.cn
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: xueling@ 123456buu.edu.cn ; Tel.: +86-10-6200-4533
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-19-02197
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082197
                PMC ID: 6121578
                PubMed ID: 30060500
                SO-VID: 13209f76-3c3b-42e0-bf2b-24b3d754dc79
                Copyright © © 2018 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 13 June 2018
                Date accepted : 25 July 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: chitin,chitosan,chitooligosaccharide (cos),cos preparation,cos analysis,cos biological activity
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: chitin, chitosan, chitooligosaccharide (cos), cos preparation, cos analysis, cos biological activity

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