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      Odontogenic sinusitis and sinonasal complications of dental treatments: a retrospective case series of 480 patients with critical assessment of the current classification Translated title: Sinusiti odontogene e complicanze nasosinusali di trattamenti dentali: una casistica retrospettiva di 480 pazienti con analisi critica della classificazione attuale

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          SUMMARY

          The term odontogenic sinusitis (OS) has proved less and less suitable to describe a series of pathological conditions related to dental procedures. We have introduced the term and classification ‘sinonasal complications of dental disease or treatment’ (SCDDT). This study aimed to review our cases and evaluate whether the classification used is applicable to everyday clinical practice. The sample was composed of patients treated for SCDDT from 2002 to 2018 in our Department of Otorhinolaryngology. All presented signs and symptoms of sinusitis and had a recent history of dental disease or treatment. All patients underwent multidisciplinary evaluation, flexible endoscopy and computed tomography (CT) scan. Patients were allocated into three groups depending on the aetiology of the complication, following the classification proposed by Felisati et al. The sample comprised 480 patients (44% men, 56% women) with a mean age of 52.36 years. Of these, 43 patients (9%) belonged to group 1 (class A), 105 (21%) to group 2 (50, 2A; 5, 2B; 27, 2C; 23, 2D) and 332 (70%) to group 3 (119, 3A; 213, 3B). A total of 454 patients (94.5%) had unilateral maxillary opacification, while only 26 cases (5.4%) started as bilateral inflammation. Nine of the latter cases (34.6%) presented a bilateral odontogenic focus, while the other 17 (65.4%) had a history of unilateral dental pathology. The results of this study suggest that SCDDT is a complex entity that needs a careful diagnostic approach based on CT scans and presurgical endoscopy.

          RIASSUNTO

          Il termine sinusite odontogena (OS) si è progressivamente dimostrato meno adatto a descrivere tutta una serie di condizioni patologiche legate alle procedure odontoiatriche e, per tale motivo, il nostro gruppo ha introdotto il termine “Complicanza nasosinusale di malattia o trattamento odontoiatrico” (SCDDT) e una classificazione correlata. Il presente lavoro ha lo scopo di esaminare la nostra casistica e di valutare l’applicabilità della classificazione utilizzata alla pratica clinica quotidiana. Il campione è composto da pazienti trattati per SCDDT dal 2002 al 2018 presso il nostro Dipartimento di otorinolaringoiatria. Ogni paziente presentava segni e sintomi di sinusite e aveva una recente malattia dentale o storia di trattamento. Tutti i pazienti hanno subito una valutazione multidisciplinare, un’endoscopia flessibile e una TAC. I pazienti sono stati suddivisi in tre gruppi a seconda dell’eziologia della complicanza, secondo la classificazione proposta da Felisati. Il campione era composto da 480 pazienti (44% uomini, 56% donne) con un’età media di 52,36 anni. 43 pazienti (9%) appartenevano al gruppo 1 (classe A), 105 pazienti (21%) al gruppo 2 (50, 2A; 5, 2B; 27, 2C; 23, 2D) e 332 (70%) al gruppo 3 (119, 3A; 213, 3B). 454 pazienti (94,5%) presentavano un’opacizzazione mascellare unilaterale, con un coinvolgimento del seno mascellare sinistro in 259 casi (53,9%) e destro in 195 casi (40,6%), mentre solo 26 casi (5,4%) esordivano come infiammazione bilaterale. 9 di questi ultimi (34,6%) presentavano un interessamento odontogeno bilaterale, mentre gli altri 17 (65,4%) avevano una storia di patologia dentale monolaterale. I risultati di questo studio indicano SCDDT come un’entità complessa necessitante di un approccio diagnostico basato su TAC e endoscopia prechirurgica. La nostra analisi ha evidenziato anche alcuni punti deboli dell’attuale classificazione, portando alla decisione di produrne una nuova, più pratica e applicabile.

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          Most cited references35

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          Maxillary sinus disease of odontogenic origin.

          Odontogenic sinusitis is a well-recognized condition and accounts for approximately 10% to 12% of cases of maxillary sinusitis. An odontogenic source should be considered in patients with symptoms of maxillary sinusitis who give a history positive for odontogenic infection or dentoalveolar surgery or who are resistant to standard sinusitis therapy. Diagnosis usually requires a thorough dental and clinical evaluation with appropriate radiographs. Common causes of odontogenic sinusitis include dental abscesses and periodontal disease perforating the Schneidarian membrane, sinus perforations during tooth extraction, or irritation and secondary infection caused by intra-antral foreign bodies. The typical odontogenic infection is now considered to be a mixed aerobic-anaerobic infection, with the latter outnumbering the aerobic species involved. Most common organisms include anaerobic streptococci, Bacteroides, Proteus, and Coliform bacilli. Typical treatment of atraumatic odontogenic sinusitis is a 3- to 4- week trial of antibiotic therapy with adequate oral and sinus flora coverage. When indicated, surgical removal of the offending odontogenic foreign body (primary or delayed) or treatment of the odontogenic pathologic conditions combined with medical therapy is usually sufficient to cause resolution of symptoms. If an oroantral communication is suspected, prompt surgical management is recommended to reduce the likelihood of causing chronic sinus disease.
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            Odontogenic sinusitis: an ancient but under-appreciated cause of maxillary sinusitis.

            For well over 100 years, it has been appreciated that maxillary dental infections can cause sinusitis. This insight has been largely overlooked with the advent of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) and its emphasis on the osteomeatal complex. We review several recent case series and reviews of odontogenic sinusitis that characterize and discuss emerging diagnostic modalities in odontogenic sinusitis. In recent publications on odontogenic sinusitis, up to 40% of chronic bacterial maxillary sinus infections are attributed to a dental source, which is far higher than the previously reported incidence of 10%. Plain dental films and dental evaluations frequently fail to detect maxillary dental infection that can be causing odontogenic sinusitis. However, sinus computed tomography (CT) or Cone Beam Volumetric CT (CBVCT) are far more successful in identifying dental disease causing sinusitis. The microbial pathogens of odontogenic sinusitis remain unchanged from earlier reviews; however, the clinical findings in odontogenic sinusitis are better described in recent reviews. Successful treatment of odontogenic sinusitis requires management of the odontogenic source and may require concomitant or subsequent sinus surgery. Odontogenic sinusitis is frequently recalcitrant to medical therapy and usually requires treatment of the dental disease. Sometimes dental treatment alone is adequate to resolve the odontogenic sinusitis and sometimes concomitant or subsequent ESS is required. Evaluation of all patients with persistent chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) should include inspection of the maxillary teeth on CT scan for evidence of periapical lucencies. Unilateral recalcitrant disease associated with foul smelling drainage is especially characteristic of odontogenic sinusitis. High-resolution CT scans and CBVCT can assist in identifying dental disease.
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              The management of complications following displacement of oral implants in the paranasal sinuses: a multicenter clinical report and proposed treatment protocols.

              This study retrospectively analyses paranasal sinus complications following displacement of oral implants in the maxillary sinus treated according to clinical situation by functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), an intraoral approach, or a combination of both procedures. Over 5 years, 27 patients (13 male; 14 female), aged 27-73 years (mean 53.9 years), underwent treatment for postoperative complications involving the paranasal sinuses following displacement of oral implants in the maxillary sinuses. According to the complication (implant displacement, implant displacement with or without reactive sinusitis and/or with or without associated oro-antral communication), patients were treated with FESS, intraoral approach to the sinus, or FESS associated with an intraoral approach. Follow up lasted for at least 1 year with clinical and radiographic controls. 26 patients recovered completely; one patient underwent re-intervention with FESS and an intraoral approach 2 years after implant removal, due to persistent signs and symptoms of maxillary sinusitis and oro-antral communication. Postoperative recovery after the second procedure was followed by complete recovery. The results demonstrate that a rational choice of surgical protocol for the treatment of complications involving the paranasal sinuses following displacement of implants in the maxillary sinuses may lead to reliable results.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital
                Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital
                AOI
                Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica
                Pacini Editore Srl
                0392-100X
                1827-675X
                August 2020
                : 40
                : 4
                : 282-289
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Otolaryngology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan , Italy
                [2 ] Maxillofacial Unit, Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan , Italy
                [3 ] Oral Surgery Unit, Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan , Italy
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Antonio Mario Bulfamante Otolaryngology Department, San Paolo Hospital, via A. di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy Tel. +39 02 8184 4249. Fax +39 02 5032 3166 E-mail: antonio.bulfamante90@ 123456gmail.com

                Funding

                None.

                Conflict of interest

                The Authors declare no conflict of interest.

                Article
                10.14639/0392-100X-N0457
                7586196
                33100340
                12765b4a-d264-4d5a-a2e4-5f24f5ffad03
                Società Italiana di Otorinolaringoiatria e Chirurgia Cervico-Facciale, Rome, Italy

                This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the CC-BY-NC-ND (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International) license. The article can be used by giving appropriate credit and mentioning the license, but only for non-commercial purposes and only in the original version. For further information: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.en

                History
                : 08 September 2019
                : 24 December 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 8
                Categories
                Rhinology

                Otolaryngology
                paranasal sinuses,dental diseases,transnasal endoscopic surgery,seni paranasali,patologia dentaria,chirurgia endoscopica transnasale

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