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      Drug Addiction Endophenotypes: Impulsive Versus Sensation-Seeking Personality Traits

      brief-report

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          Abstract

          Background

          Genetic factors have been implicated in the development of substance abuse disorders, but the role of pre-existing vulnerability in addiction is still poorly understood. Personality traits of impulsivity and sensation-seeking are highly prevalent in chronic drug users and have been linked with an increased risk for substance abuse. However, it has not been clear whether these personality traits are a cause or an effect of stimulant drug dependence.

          Method

          We compared self-reported levels of impulsivity and sensation-seeking between 30 sibling pairs of stimulant-dependent individuals and their biological brothers/sisters who did not have a significant drug-taking history and 30 unrelated, nondrug-taking control volunteers.

          Results

          Siblings of chronic stimulant users reported significantly higher levels of trait-impulsivity than control volunteers but did not differ from control volunteers with regard to sensation-seeking traits. Stimulant-dependent individuals reported significantly higher levels of impulsivity and sensation-seeking compared with both their siblings and control volunteers.

          Conclusions

          These data indicate that impulsivity is a behavioral endophenotype mediating risk for stimulant dependence that may be exacerbated by chronic drug exposure, whereas abnormal sensation-seeking is more likely to be an effect of stimulant drug abuse.

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          Most cited references13

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          Impulsivity as a determinant and consequence of drug use: a review of underlying processes.

          Harriet de Wit (2009)
          Impulsive behaviors are closely linked to drug use and abuse, both as contributors to use and as consequences of use. Trait impulsivity is an important determinant of drug use during development, and in adults momentary 'state' increases in impulsive behavior may increase the likelihood of drug use, especially in individuals attempting to abstain. Conversely, acute and chronic effects of drug use may increase impulsive behaviors, which may in turn facilitate further drug use. However, these effects depend on the behavioral measure used to assess impulsivity. This article reviews data from controlled studies investigating different measures of impulsive behaviors, including delay discounting, behavioral inhibition and a newly proposed measure of inattention. Our findings support the hypothesis that drugs of abuse alter performance across independent behavioral measures of impulsivity. The findings lay the groundwork for studying the cognitive and neurobiological substrates of impulsivity, and for future studies on the role of impulsive behavior as both facilitator and a result of drug use.
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            High impulsivity predicts the switch to compulsive cocaine-taking.

            D Belin, A C Mar, J W Dalley … (2008)
            Both impulsivity and novelty-seeking have been suggested to be behavioral markers of the propensity to take addictive drugs. However, their relevance for the vulnerability to compulsively seek and take drugs, which is a hallmark feature of addiction, is unknown. We report here that, whereas high reactivity to novelty predicts the propensity to initiate cocaine self-administration, high impulsivity predicts the development of addiction-like behavior in rats, including persistent or compulsive drug-taking in the face of aversive outcomes. This study shows experimental evidence that a shift from impulsivity to compulsivity occurs during the development of addictive behavior, which provides insights into the genesis and neural mechanisms of drug addiction.
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              Review. Neural mechanisms underlying the vulnerability to develop compulsive drug-seeking habits and addiction.

              Barry Everitt, David Belin, Daina Economidou … (2008)
              We hypothesize that drug addiction can be viewed as the endpoint of a series of transitions from initial voluntary drug use through the loss of control over this behaviour, such that it becomes habitual and ultimately compulsive. We describe evidence that the switch from controlled to compulsive drug seeking represents a transition at the neural level from prefrontal cortical to striatal control over drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviours as well as a progression from ventral to more dorsal domains of the striatum, mediated by its serially interconnecting dopaminergic circuitry. These neural transitions depend upon the neuroplasticity induced by chronic self-administration of drugs in both cortical and striatal structures, including long-lasting changes that are the consequence of toxic drug effects. We further summarize evidence showing that impulsivity, a spontaneously occurring behavioural tendency in outbred rats that is associated with low dopamine D2/3 receptors in the nucleus accumbens, predicts both the propensity to escalate cocaine intake and the switch to compulsive drug seeking and addiction.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biol Psychiatry
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biol. Psychiatry
                Title: Biological Psychiatry
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Print): 0006-3223
                ISSN (Electronic): 1873-2402
                Publication date PMC-release: 15 October 2010
                Publication date (Print): 15 October 2010
                Volume: 68
                Issue: 8
                Pages: 770-773
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
                [b ]Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
                [c ]Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
                [d ]GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Unit Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
                Author notes
                [* ]Address correspondence to Karen D. Ersche, Ph.D., University of Cambridge, Department of Psychiatry, Herchel Smith Building, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK ke220@ 123456cam.ac.uk
                Article
                Publisher ID: BPS10632
                DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.015
                PMC ID: 3485555
                PubMed ID: 20678754
                SO-VID: 12722daa-2b90-4e6a-a6c7-75b0957708ff
                Copyright © © 2010 Elsevier Inc.
                License:

                This document may be redistributed and reused, subject to certain conditions.

                History
                Date received : 26 April 2010
                Date revision received : 15 June 2010
                Date accepted : 16 June 2010
                Categories
                Subject: Brief Report

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: sensation-seeking,impulsivity,endophenotypes,vulnerability marker,substance dependence,bis-11
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: sensation-seeking, impulsivity, endophenotypes, vulnerability marker, substance dependence, bis-11

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