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      Is Open Access

      Rhinitis associated with asthma is distinct from rhinitis alone: The ARIA‐MeDALL hypothesis

      1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 11 , 18 , 13 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 4 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 30 , 31 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 7 , 59 , 1 , 2 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 4 , 29 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 20 , 21 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 4 , 29 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 7 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 1 , 2 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 164 , 165 , 166 , 167 , 168 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 173 , 174 , 175 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 179 , 180 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 184 , 185 , 49 , 186 , 187 , 188 , 1 , 189 , 190 , 191 , 192 , 193 , 194 , 195 , 196 , 197 , 198 , 199 , 200 , 201 , 202 , 203 , 204 , 205 , 206 , 5 , 6 , 207 , 208 , 209 , 210 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 214 , 215 , 216 , 217 , 167 , 218 , 219 , 220 , 221 , 222 , 223 , 224 , 225 , 226 , 227 , 11 , 228 , 229 , 230 , 231 , 189 , 232 , 233 , 234 , 235 , 236 , 237 , 238 , 239 , 240 , 241 , 242 , 243 , 244 , 245 , 246 , 247 , 248 , 249 , 67 , 250 , 251 , 252 , 253 , 254 , 255 , 256 , 257 , 258 , 259 , 260 , 50 , 261 , 262 , 263 , 264 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 268 , 269 , 270 , 271 , 272 , 273 , 274 , 275 , 276 , 277 , 278 , 279 , 280 , 281 , 238 , 282 , 283 , 284 , 285 , 286 , 231 , 189 , 96 , 97 , 1 , 2 , 30 , 31 , 32
      Allergy
      Wiley

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          • Article: not found

          A Dietary Fiber-Deprived Gut Microbiota Degrades the Colonic Mucus Barrier and Enhances Pathogen Susceptibility.

          Despite the accepted health benefits of consuming dietary fiber, little is known about the mechanisms by which fiber deprivation impacts the gut microbiota and alters disease risk. Using a gnotobiotic mouse model, in which animals were colonized with a synthetic human gut microbiota composed of fully sequenced commensal bacteria, we elucidated the functional interactions between dietary fiber, the gut microbiota, and the colonic mucus barrier, which serves as a primary defense against enteric pathogens. We show that during chronic or intermittent dietary fiber deficiency, the gut microbiota resorts to host-secreted mucus glycoproteins as a nutrient source, leading to erosion of the colonic mucus barrier. Dietary fiber deprivation, together with a fiber-deprived, mucus-eroding microbiota, promotes greater epithelial access and lethal colitis by the mucosal pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium. Our work reveals intricate pathways linking diet, the gut microbiome, and intestinal barrier dysfunction, which could be exploited to improve health using dietary therapeutics.
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            • Article: not found

            Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia

            Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60-80%1, much of which is attributable to common risk alleles. Here, in a two-stage genome-wide association study of up to 76,755 individuals with schizophrenia and 243,649 control individuals, we report common variant associations at 287 distinct genomic loci. Associations were concentrated in genes that are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the central nervous system, but not in other tissues or cell types. Using fine-mapping and functional genomic data, we identify 120 genes (106 protein-coding) that are likely to underpin associations at some of these loci, including 16 genes with credible causal non-synonymous or untranslated region variation. We also implicate fundamental processes related to neuronal function, including synaptic organization, differentiation and transmission. Fine-mapped candidates were enriched for genes associated with rare disruptive coding variants in people with schizophrenia, including the glutamate receptor subunit GRIN2A and transcription factor SP4, and were also enriched for genes implicated by such variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. We identify biological processes relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology; show convergence of common and rare variant associations in schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders; and provide a resource of prioritized genes and variants to advance mechanistic studies.
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              Exposure to environmental microorganisms and childhood asthma.

              Children who grow up in environments that afford them a wide range of microbial exposures, such as traditional farms, are protected from childhood asthma and atopy. In previous studies, markers of microbial exposure have been inversely related to these conditions. In two cross-sectional studies, we compared children living on farms with those in a reference group with respect to the prevalence of asthma and atopy and to the diversity of microbial exposure. In one study--PARSIFAL (Prevention of Allergy-Risk Factors for Sensitization in Children Related to Farming and Anthroposophic Lifestyle)--samples of mattress dust were screened for bacterial DNA with the use of single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analyses to detect environmental bacteria that cannot be measured by means of culture techniques. In the other study--GABRIELA (Multidisciplinary Study to Identify the Genetic and Environmental Causes of Asthma in the European Community [GABRIEL] Advanced Study)--samples of settled dust from children's rooms were evaluated for bacterial and fungal taxa with the use of culture techniques. In both studies, children who lived on farms had lower prevalences of asthma and atopy and were exposed to a greater variety of environmental microorganisms than the children in the reference group. In turn, diversity of microbial exposure was inversely related to the risk of asthma (odds ratio for PARSIFAL, 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44 to 0.89; odds ratio for GABRIELA, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.75 to 0.99). In addition, the presence of certain more circumscribed exposures was also inversely related to the risk of asthma; this included exposure to species in the fungal taxon eurotium (adjusted odds ratio, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.76) and to a variety of bacterial species, including Listeria monocytogenes, bacillus species, corynebacterium species, and others (adjusted odds ratio, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.38 to 0.86). Children living on farms were exposed to a wider range of microbes than were children in the reference group, and this exposure explains a substantial fraction of the inverse relation between asthma and growing up on a farm. (Funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the European Commission.).
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                Journal
                Allergy
                Allergy
                Wiley
                0105-4538
                1398-9995
                May 2023
                April 10 2023
                May 2023
                : 78
                : 5
                : 1169-1203
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Institute of Allergology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
                [2 ] Allergology and Immunology Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP Berlin Germany
                [3 ] University Hospital Montpellier Montpellier France
                [4 ] Inserm, Equipe d’Epidémiologie Respiratoire Intégrative, CESP Villejuif France
                [5 ] Department of Clinical Science and Education Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
                [6 ] Sach´s Children and Youth Hospital, Södersjukhuset Stockholm Sweden
                [7 ] Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
                [8 ] Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, GRIAC Research Institute University Medical Center Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
                [9 ] Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases NIH Bethesda Maryland USA
                [10 ] Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
                [11 ] Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
                [12 ] Medical Consulting Czarlewski Levallois France
                [13 ] MASK‐air Montpellier France
                [14 ] Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio USA
                [15 ] Institute of Clinical Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences Vilnius Lithuania
                [16 ] Medical Faculty of Vilnius University Vilnius Lithuania
                [17 ] Institute of Environmental medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
                [18 ] 6AM Data Mining Barcelona Spain
                [19 ] ARIA Montpellier France
                [20 ] Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark
                [21 ] Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis « ORCA » Odense Denmark
                [22 ] Quality Use of Respiratory Medicines Group Woolcock Institute of Medical Research Sydney NSW Australia
                [23 ] Sydney Local Health District Sydney NSW Australia
                [24 ] Sydney Pharmacy School The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
                [25 ] Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University Quebec City Quebec Canada
                [26 ] Institute of Lung Health, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Respiratory and Infection Sciences University of Leicester Leicester UK
                [27 ] Department of Medical Sciences University of Torino Torino Italy
                [28 ] Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit Mauriziano Hospital Torino Italy
                [29 ] Université Paris‐Saclay, UVSQ, UnivParis‐Sud Villejuif France
                [30 ] Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) Barcelona Spain
                [31 ] ISGlobal Barcelona Institute for Global Health Barcelona Spain
                [32 ] CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) Barcelona Spain
                [33 ] Department of Biomedical Sciences Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele Milan Italy
                [34 ] Personalized medicine, Asthma and Allergy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano Milan Italy
                [35 ] SOS Allergology and Clinical Immunology USL Toscana Centro Prato Italy
                [36 ] Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
                [37 ] Pneumology Unit, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
                [38 ] UCIBIO, REQUINTE, Faculty of Pharmacy and Competence Center on Active and Healthy Ageing of University of Porto (Porto4Ageing) Porto Portugal
                [39 ] Fundaçao ProAR Federal University of Bahia and GARD/WHO Planning Group Salvador Bahia Brazil
                [40 ] Pirkanmaa Welfare district Tampere Finland
                [41 ] Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine Istanbul University‐Cerrahpaşa Istanbul Turkey
                [42 ] Department of Otorhinolaryngology Amsterdam University Medical Centres Amsterdam the Netherlands
                [43 ] Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
                [44 ] Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, University Hospital Munich ‐ Instituteand Outpatient Clinic for Occupational Social and Environmental Medicine Munich Germany
                [45 ] Servicio de Alergia e Immunologia Clinica Santa Isabel Buenos Aires Argentina
                [46 ] Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
                [47 ] Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry University of Wuerzburg Wuerzburg Germany
                [48 ] State Institute of Health Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority Erlangen Germany
                [49 ] Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Universitätsmedizin Mainz Mainz Germany
                [50 ] Center for Rhinology and Allergology Wiesbaden Germany
                [51 ] Division of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Barlicki University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz Lodz Poland
                [52 ] Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Chest Diseases and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine Vilnius University Vilnius Lithuania
                [53 ] Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Vilnius University Vilnius Lithuania
                [54 ] Center of Excellence in Asthma and Allergy Médica Sur Clinical Foundation and Hospital México City Mexico
                [55 ] Institute for Advanced Biosciences UGA ‐ INSERM U1209 ‐ CNRS UMR5309 Site Santé La Tronche France
                [56 ] Department of Paediatrics Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
                [57 ] Department of Pulmonary Medicine CHU Liège Liège Belgium
                [58 ] GIGA I3 Research Group University of Liège Liège Belgium
                [59 ] Allergy Unit "D Kalogeromitros", 2nd Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens "Attikon" University Hospital Athens Greece
                [60 ] Department of Public Health and Health Products Paris Descartes University‐Sorbonne Paris Cité EA 4064 Paris France
                [61 ] Paris Municipal Department of Social Action, Childhood, and Health Paris France
                [62 ] Allergy Center CUF Descobertas Hospital Lisbon Portugal
                [63 ] ENT Department Rhinology Unit & Smell Clinic, Hospital Clínic Barcelona Spain
                [64 ] Clinical & Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, IDIBAPS, CIBERES University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
                [65 ] Department of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
                [66 ] Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA
                [67 ] Department of Allergology Medical University of Gdańsk Gdansk Poland
                [68 ] Chiba Rosai Hospital Chiba Japan
                [69 ] Chiba University Hospital Chiba Japan
                [70 ] Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health Esch‐sur‐Alzette Luxembourg
                [71 ] Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic University of Athens Athens Greece
                [72 ] Allergy and Respiratory Diseases IRCCS Policlinico San Martino ‐ University of Genoa Genoa Italy
                [73 ] Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine "Santa Maria della Speranza" Hospital Battipaglia Salerno Italy
                [74 ] Agency of Health ASL Salerno Italy
                [75 ] Postgraduate Programme in Allergy and Clinical Immunology University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy
                [76 ] Department of Pediatrics Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan
                [77 ] Ecole Polytechnique de Palaiseau Palaiseau France
                [78 ] IRBA (Institut de Recherche Bio‐Médicale des Armées) Brétigny sur Orge France
                [79 ] Université Paris Cité Paris France
                [80 ] Section of Rhinology and Allergy, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery University Hospital Marburg, Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
                [81 ] Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
                [82 ] Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (ICBR), Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
                [83 ] Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
                [84 ] Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
                [85 ] Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐Care) Davos Switzerland
                [86 ] Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Eye and Ear University Hospital Beirut Lebanon
                [87 ] Department of Otorhinolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Dar Al Shifa Hospital Salmiya Kuwait
                [88 ] Department of Prevention of Environmental Hazards, Allergology and Immunology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
                [89 ] Allergy Service, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz Autonoma University of Madrid, CIBERES‐ISCIII Madrid Spain
                [90 ] French Environment and Energy Management Agency Angers France
                [91 ] PROMISE Department University of Palermo Palermo Italy
                [92 ] National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London UK
                [93 ] NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre London UK
                [94 ] Usher Institute The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
                [95 ] INSERM, Université Grenoble Alpes, IAB, U 1209, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble France
                [96 ] MEDCIDS ‐ Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences; Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal
                [97 ] CINTESIS@RISE– Health Research Network, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal
                [98 ] Institute of Epidemiology Helmholtz Zentrum München ‐ German Research Center for Environmental Health Neuherberg Germany
                [99 ] German Center of Lung Research (DZL) Munich Germany
                [100 ] IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) Barcelona Spain
                [101 ] Department of Immunoallergology Cova da Beira University Hospital Centre Covilhã Portugal
                [102 ] UBIAir ‐ Clinical & Experimental Lung Centre and CICS‐UBI Health Sciences Research Centre University of Beira Interior Covilhã Portugal
                [103 ] Allergy Unit Málaga Regional University Hospital of Málaga, Malaga University, ARADyAL Malaga Spain
                [104 ] International Primary Care Respiratory Group IPCRG Aberdeen Scotland
                [105 ] Health Planning Unit, Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Crete Heraklion Greece
                [106 ] Department of Lung Diseases and Clinical Allergology University of Turku Turku Finland
                [107 ] Department of Chest Medicine Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur Belgium
                [108 ] Université Catholique de Louvain Yvoir Belgium
                [109 ] Unit of Geriatric Immunoallergology University of Bari Medical School Bari Italy
                [110 ] Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council (ISPA‐CNR) Bari Italy
                [111 ] Harvard Medical School and Channing Division of Network Medicine Boston USA
                [112 ] Department of Pulmonary Diseases Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine Manisa Turkey
                [113 ] Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Beijing TongRen Hospital and Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology Beijing China
                [114 ] Allergy & Immunology Centre Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
                [115 ] Department of Dermatology Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
                [116 ] Faculty of Medicine Transylvania University of Brasov Brasov Romania
                [117 ] Microbiology Department, College of Medicine Kuwait University Kuwait City Kuwait
                [118 ] Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) Barcelona Spain
                [119 ] Centro Médico Teknon Barcelona Spain
                [120 ] Department of Allergy and Immunology Hospital Quironsalud Bizkaia Bilbao Spain
                [121 ] Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton Southampton UK
                [122 ] David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre Isle of Wight UK
                [123 ] Argentine Society of Allergy and Immunopathology Buenos Aires Argentina
                [124 ] Portuguese National Programme for Respiratory Diseases, Direção ‐Geral da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa Instituto de Saúde Ambiental Lisbon Portugal
                [125 ] Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck, School of Medical Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Kelantan Malaysia
                [126 ] Mongolian Association of Hospital Managers Ulaanbaatar Mongolia
                [127 ] Department of Respiratory Medicine National Institute of Diseases of the Chest and Hospital Dhaka Bangladesh
                [128 ] Department of Pediatrics Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest Romania
                [129 ] Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Ohio USA
                [130 ] University of Central Lancashire Medical School Preston UK
                [131 ] Department of Geriatrics Montpellier University Hospital, MUSE Montpellier France
                [132 ] Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome Italy
                [133 ] Department of Neurological, ENT and Thoracic Sciences Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli – IRCCS Rome Italy
                [134 ] National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI) Imperial College London London UK
                [135 ] Respiratory Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine University of Genoa Genoa Italy
                [136 ] IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa Italy
                [137 ] Department of Pulmonary Medicine Mainz University Hospital Mainz Germany
                [138 ] Department of Allergy "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest Bucharest Romania
                [139 ] Imperial College and Royal Brompton Hospital London UK
                [140 ] Imperial College and National Heart and Lung Institute London UK
                [141 ] Pediatrics Department Universidad Austral de Chile Valvidia Chile
                [142 ] Department of Pediatrics, Medical School Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
                [143 ] Institute for Immunological Research University of Cartagena, Campus de Zaragocilla, Edificio Biblioteca Primer piso Cartagena Colombia
                [144 ] Allergy Section, Department of Internal Medicine Hospital Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Spain
                [145 ] ARADyAL Research Network Barcelona Spain
                [146 ] Allergy & Asthma Associates of Southern California A Medical Group, Southern California Research Mission Viejo California USA
                [147 ] NOVA Medical School/Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC) Lisbon Portugal
                [148 ] Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Hospital de Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central Lisbon Portugal
                [149 ] Division of Allergy/Immunology University of South Florida Tampa Florida USA
                [150 ] Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Metropolitan University Simon Bolivar University Barranquilla Colombia
                [151 ] SLaai, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Allergia, Asma e Immunologia Barranquilla Columbia
                [152 ] Department of ENT Badr al Samaa Hospital Salalah Sultanate of Oman
                [153 ] Clinique des Bronches, Allergie et Sommeil Hôpital Nord Marseille France
                [154 ] The Capital Institute of Pediatrics Chaoyang district Beijing China
                [155 ] Universidad Espíritu Santo Samborondón Ecuador
                [156 ] Respiralab Research Group Guayaquil Guayas Ecuador
                [157 ] School of Medicine University CEU San Pablo Madrid Spain
                [158 ] David Tatishvili Medical Center; David Tvildiani Medical University‐AIETI Medical School Tbilisi Georgia
                [159 ] Faculty of Public Health Medical University – Sofia Sofia Bulgaria
                [160 ] Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact & Department of Medicine McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada
                [161 ] Medical Faculty, ENT Department Eskisehir Osmangazi University Eskisehir Turkey
                [162 ] School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS) University of Minho Braga Portugal
                [163 ] Division of Asthma, Allergy & Lung Biology, MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma King's College London London UK
                [164 ] National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London UK
                [165 ] Division of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Hospital 'A Cardarelli' University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy
                [166 ] Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health and Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology University Hospital "Duilio Casula", University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
                [167 ] Allergy Division, Chest Disease Department University Hospital of Strasbourg Strasbourg France
                [168 ] Federation of Translational Medicine University of Strasbourg Strasbourg France
                [169 ] VIM Suresnes, UMR 0892, Pôle des Maladies des Voies Respiratoires, Hôpital Foch Université Paris‐Saclay Suresnes France
                [170 ] Department of Respiratory Diseases, Larrey Hospital Toulouse University Hospital Toulouse France
                [171 ] Dr Agostinho Neto University hospital Praia Cape Verde
                [172 ] Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Cabo Verde University Praia Cape Verde
                [173 ] Medical Faculty Skopje University Clinic of Pulmonology and Allergy Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
                [174 ] Service de Pneumo‐Allergologie Centre Hospitalo‐Universitaire de Béni‐Messous Algiers Algeria
                [175 ] Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery University Hospital of Crete Heraklion Crete Greece
                [176 ] Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London UK
                [177 ] Section of Allergy and Immunology Saint Louis University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri USA
                [178 ] The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Paediatrics, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Food allergy and Anaphylaxis Program The University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
                [179 ] Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Children's Hospital Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt
                [180 ] Clinic of Children's Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Vilnius University Vilnius Lithuania
                [181 ] Allergy Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Rome Italy
                [182 ] Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
                [183 ] School of Health Sciences Catholic University of Salta Salta Argentina
                [184 ] Center of Allergy and Immunology David Tvildiani Medical University Tbilisi Georgia
                [185 ] Immunology and Allergy Division, Clinical Hospital University of Chile Santiago Chile
                [186 ] Biology of Reproduction department, INSERM 1203 University hospital Montpellier France
                [187 ] Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark
                [188 ] University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health University of Exeter Exeter Devon UK
                [189 ] Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
                [190 ] Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology Unit Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt
                [191 ] Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy Oncology Institute of St Elisabeth Bratislava Slovakia
                [192 ] Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases St Joseph University, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital Beirut Lebanon
                [193 ] Kazakhstan Association of Allergology and Clinical Immunology Department of Allergology and Clinical Immunology of the Kazakh National Medical University Almaty Kazakhstan
                [194 ] Servicio de Alergia, Consultorios Médicos Privados Buenos Aires Argentina
                [195 ] EDEGO Research Unit University of Oulu Oulu Finland
                [196 ] Department of Pneumology Medical University of Gdańsk Gdansk Poland
                [197 ] Tartu University Institute of Clinical Medicine Children's Clinic Tartu Estonia
                [198 ] Sorbonne université Hôpital américain de Paris Neuilly France
                [199 ] Department of Clinical Immunology Wrocław Medical University Wroclaw Poland
                [200 ] ALL‐MED Medical Research Institute Wroclaw Poland
                [201 ] Poltava State Medical University Poltava Ukraine
                [202 ] Pediatric Allergy and Asthma Unit Hacettepe University School of Medicine Ankara Turkey
                [203 ] School of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Immunology and Allergy Division Hacettepe University Ankara Turkey
                [204 ] Department of Family Medicine Medical University of Lodz Lodz Poland
                [205 ] Makerere University Lung Institute Kampala Uganda
                [206 ] Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Semmelweis University Budapest Hungary
                [207 ] Department of Pediatric Respiratory Diseases and Allergology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
                [208 ] Institute of Translational Pharmacology National Research Council Palermo Italy
                [209 ] Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Germany
                [210 ] University of Medicine and Pharmacy Hochiminh City Vietnam
                [211 ] Division Paediatric Allergology University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
                [212 ] Scottish Centre for Respiratory Research, Cardiovascular & Diabetes Medicine Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee Dundee UK
                [213 ] Faculty of Health Sciences and CICS – UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre University of Beira Interior Covilhã Portugal
                [214 ] Department of Pulmonary Medicine Rashid Hospital Dubai UAE
                [215 ] Hospital San Luca Oaxaca Mexico
                [216 ] Pediatric Pulmonology, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
                [217 ] Croatian Pulmonary Society Zagreb Croatia
                [218 ] National Institute of Pneumology M Nasta Bucharest Romania
                [219 ] National Center for Research in Chronic Respiratory Diseases Tishreen University School of Medicine Latakia Syria
                [220 ] Syrian Private University Damascus Syria
                [221 ] Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation Medical University of Bialystok Bialystock Poland
                [222 ] Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery University of Malta Msida Malta
                [223 ] Center of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Santa Fe Argentina
                [224 ] Hungarian Allergy Association Budapest Hungary
                [225 ] Faculty of Medicine Eduardo Mondlane University Maputo Mozambique
                [226 ] ENT Department University Hospital of Kinshasa Kinshasa Congo
                [227 ] Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Alfred Health and Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
                [228 ] Japan Anti‐Tuberculosis Association (JATA), Fukujuji Hospital Tokyo Japan
                [229 ] Department of Otolaryngology Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan
                [230 ] Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle Ouagadougou Burkina Faso
                [231 ] Department of Otorhinolaryngology Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
                [232 ] Department of Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Medical University, and University of Vienna Vienna Austria
                [233 ] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry Complutense University of Madrid Madrid Spain
                [234 ] Department of Dermatology University of Helsinki and Hospital for Skin and Allergic Diseases Helsinki Finland
                [235 ] OncoGen Center, County Clinical Emergency Hospital "Pius Branzeu," and University of Medicine and Pharmacy V Babes Timisoara Romania
                [236 ] Department of Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital in Pilsen Charles University in Prague Pilsen Czech Republic
                [237 ] Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon South Korea
                [238 ] Medical School University of Cyprus Nicosia Cyprus
                [239 ] Srebrnjak Children's Hospital Zagreb Croatia
                [240 ] Medical Faculty University JJ Strossmayer of Osijek Osijek Croatia
                [241 ] Clinic of Occupational Diseases University Hospital Sveti Ivan Rilski Sofia Bulgaria
                [242 ] Personalized medicine Asthma & Allergy, Rozzano IRCCS Humanitas Research Center Milan Italy
                [243 ] Department of Allergy Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ) Madrid Spain
                [244 ] Division of Adult and Pediatric Allergy and Immunology University of the Philippines‐ Philippines General Hospital Manila Philippines
                [245 ] Division of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Clinics Hospital San Lorenzo Paraguay
                [246 ] Pneumology Unit, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
                [247 ] Pneumologie, AP‐HP Centre Université de Paris Cité, Hôpital Cochin Paris France
                [248 ] UMR 1016, Institut Cochin Paris France
                [249 ] Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Hospital Espanol de Mexico Mexico City Mexico
                [250 ] Department of Pediatrics Federal University of Parana Curitiba Brazil
                [251 ] Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology Emek Medical Center Afula Israel
                [252 ] Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology Showa University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
                [253 ] Asthma Reference Center ‐ School of Medicine of Santa Casa de Misericórdia of Vitória Espírito Santo Brazil
                [254 ] SMAIC Société Marocaine d’ Allergologie et Immunologie Clinique Rabat Morocco
                [255 ] Pharmaceutical Care Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ghent University Ghent Belgium
                [256 ] Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology University Hospital of Zurich Zürich Switzerland
                [257 ] Allergy & Asthma Clinica SISUL, FACAAI, SPAAI Asuncion Paraguay
                [258 ] Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics Federal University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
                [259 ] Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics Hospital Nacional de Niños, Universidad de Costa Rica San Jose Costa Rica
                [260 ] Department of Respiratory Medicine and Tuberculosis University Hospital Brno Czech Republic
                [261 ] Global Allergy and Airways Patient Platform GAAPP Vienna Austria
                [262 ] Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (InCor) Hospital da Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
                [263 ] Department of Respiratory Medicine Copenhagen University Hospital‐Hvidovre Copenhagen Denmark
                [264 ] Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
                [265 ] University of Southampton Southampton UK
                [266 ] The Hospital for Sick Children, Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto Canada
                [267 ] Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
                [268 ] Department of General ORL, H&NS Medical University of Graz, ENT‐University Hospital Graz Graz Austria
                [269 ] Universidade Federal dos Pampa Uruguaiana Brazil
                [270 ] Allergist Montevideo Uruguay
                [271 ] Research on Healthcare Performance (RESHAPE), INSERM U1290 Université Claude Bernard Lyon1 Lyon France
                [272 ] Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
                [273 ] Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
                [274 ] FILHA, Finnish Lung Health Association Helsinki Finland
                [275 ] Department of Clinical Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Clinical Allergology University of Turku Turku Finland
                [276 ] Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University Faculty of Medicine Bangkok Thailand
                [277 ] Pulmonary Environmental Epidemiology Unit CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology Pisa Italy
                [278 ] College of Allopathic Medicine Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale Florida USA
                [279 ] Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
                [280 ] International Primary Care Respiratory Group IPCRG Aberdeen UK
                [281 ] Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Dermatology, Allergy and Venerology Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
                [282 ] The Allergy and Asthma Institute Islamabad Pakistan
                [283 ] Lebanese‐American University, Clemenceau Medical Center DHCC Dubai UAE
                [284 ] Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Universidad Nacional de Villa Maria Villa Maria Argentina
                [285 ] University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik Slovenia
                [286 ] Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
                Article
                10.1111/all.15679
                36799120
                126d7c22-0db6-4f75-9885-a1295d723281
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