Bovine trypanosomosis: changes in parasitemia and packed cell volume in dry and wet seasons at Gidami District, Oromia Regional State, western Ethiopia

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Abstract

Background

Animal trypanosomosis is one of the major disease problems affecting agricultural productivity in Ethiopia. The impact of the disease is believed to vary with season and agro-ecologies in line with fly vector distribution. A cross-sectional study on bovine trypanosomosis was conducted from November 2015 to June 2016, in seven selected villages of Gidami district, Oromia Regional State, western Ethiopia. A total of 930 blood samples were collected and subjected to parasitological and hematological analysis.

Result

The overall prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was 14.1%. The seasonal prevalence shows 9.06% in early dry and 18.4% in early rainy seasons. Three trypanosome species, Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma brucei were identified in the examined animals. T. congolense followed by T. vivax were the predominant species (respectively 59.0 and 35.9% in early dry season and 62.0 and 22.8% in early rainy season). The prevalence of T. vivax remained similar in both early dry and early rainy seasons in both lowland and midland agroecologies whereas T. congolense was more dominant in the lowland area in both seasons compared to mid land study sites. The disease was more prevalent in lowland (23.9%) compared to midland (11.1%) during early rainy season (P < 0.001) whereas no significant difference was observed between the two agroecologies during early dry season (P = 0.165). Packed cell volume (PCV) was much lower in parasitemic animals than in aparasitemic cattle whereas the mean PCV value for parasitemic animals (20.36%; 95% CI 19.56 to 21.16) in early dry season was similar to values in early rainy season (20.46%, 95% CI 18.84 to 21.08%). A similar situation was noticed for animals in both low land and mid land study sites.

Conclusion

Overall, the detection of trypanosomes in blood was significantly affected by agro-ecology, season and body condition of the animals. Special emphasis should be given to integrated trypanosomosis management in early rainy months where fly population is believed to start increasing.

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Effects of environmental change on emerging parasitic diseases.

Jonathan A. Patz, Thaddeus K. Graczyk, Nina L Geller … (2000)

Ecological disturbances exert an influence on the emergence and proliferation of malaria and zoonotic parasitic diseases, including, Leishmaniasis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, trypanosomiasis, schistosomiasis, filariasis, onchocerciasis, and loiasis. Each environmental change, whether occurring as a natural phenomenon or through human intervention, changes the ecological balance and context within which disease hosts or vectors and parasites breed, develop, and transmit disease. Each species occupies a particular ecological niche and vector species sub-populations are distinct behaviourally and genetically as they adapt to man-made environments. Most zoonotic parasites display three distinct life cycles: sylvatic, zoonotic, and anthroponotic. In adapting to changed environmental conditions, including reduced non-human population and increased human population, some vectors display conversion from a primarily zoophyllic to primarily anthrophyllic orientation. Deforestation and ensuing changes in landuse, human settlement, commercial development, road construction, water control systems (dams, canals, irrigation systems, reservoirs), and climate, singly, and in combination have been accompanied by global increases in morbidity and mortality from emergent parasitic disease. The replacement of forests with crop farming, ranching, and raising small animals can create supportive habitats for parasites and their host vectors. When the land use of deforested areas changes, the pattern of human settlement is altered and habitat fragmentation may provide opportunities for exchange and transmission of parasites to the heretofore uninfected humans. Construction of water control projects can lead to shifts in such vector populations as snails and mosquitoes and their parasites. Construction of roads in previously inaccessible forested areas can lead to erosion, and stagnant ponds by blocking the flow of streams when the water rises during the rainy season. The combined effects of environmentally detrimental changes in local land use and alterations in global climate disrupt the natural ecosystem and can increase the risk of transmission of parasitic diseases to the human population.

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The history of African trypanosomiasis

Dietmar Steverding (2008)

The prehistory of African trypanosomiasis indicates that the disease may have been an important selective factor in the evolution of hominids. Ancient history and medieval history reveal that African trypanosomiasis affected the lives of people living in sub-Saharan African at all times. Modern history of African trypanosomiasis revolves around the identification of the causative agents and the mode of transmission of the infection, and the development of drugs for treatment and methods for control of the disease. From the recent history of sleeping sickness we can learn that the disease can be controlled but probably not be eradicated. Current history of human African trypanosomiasis has shown that the production of anti-sleeping sickness drugs is not always guaranteed, and therefore, new, better and cheaper drugs are urgently required.

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Options for field diagnosis of human african trypanosomiasis.

Veerle Lejon, Pere Simarro, Louis Loutan … (2004)

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or T. b. rhodesiense remains highly prevalent in several rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa and is lethal if left untreated. Therefore, accurate tools are absolutely required for field diagnosis. For T. b. gambiense HAT, highly sensitive tests are available for serological screening but the sensitivity of parasitological confirmatory tests remains insufficient and needs to be improved. Screening for T. b. rhodesiense infection still relies on clinical features in the absence of serological tests available for field use. Ongoing research is opening perspectives for a new generation of field diagnostics. Also essential for both forms of HAT is accurate determination of the disease stage because of the high toxicity of melarsoprol, the drug most widely used during the neurological stage of the illness. Recent studies have confirmed the high accuracy of raised immunoglobulin M levels in the cerebrospinal fluid for the staging of T. b. gambiense HAT, and a promising simple assay (LATEX/IgM) is being tested in the field. Apart from the urgent need for better tools for the field diagnosis of this neglected disease, improved access to diagnosis and treatment for the population at risk remains the greatest challenge for the coming years.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Efrem Degneh: degnehefrem@yahoo.com

Workineh Shibeshi: shibeshiworkineh@gmail.com

Getachew Terefe: getachew_terefe@yahoo.com

Kaleab Asres: kasres@gmail.com

Hagos Ashenafi: hagos83@yahoo.com

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Acta Vet Scand

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Acta Vet. Scand

Title: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Print): 0044-605X

ISSN (Electronic): 1751-0147

Publication date (Electronic): 11 September 2017

Publication date PMC-release: 11 September 2017

Publication date Collection: 2017

Volume: 59

Electronic Location Identifier: 59

Affiliations

[1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1250 5688, GRID grid.7123.7, Department of Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, , Addis Ababa University, ; P.O.Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia

[2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1250 5688, GRID grid.7123.7, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, , Addis Ababa University, ; P.O.Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

[3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1250 5688, GRID grid.7123.7, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, , Addis Ababa University, ; P.O.Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Article

Publisher ID: 327

DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0327-7

PMC ID: 5594549

PubMed ID: 28893322

SO-VID: 0ed962d6-edf7-4d94-8675-97857ed1516c

License:

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 24 February 2017

Date accepted : 6 September 2017

Funding

Funded by: Addis Ababa University (ET)

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine

Keywords: agro-ecology,gidami,pcv,prevalence,season,bovine trypanosomosis,western ethiopia

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine

Keywords: agro-ecology, gidami, pcv, prevalence, season, bovine trypanosomosis, western ethiopia

Bovine trypanosomosis: changes in parasitemia and packed cell volume in dry and wet seasons at Gidami District, Oromia Regional State, western Ethiopia

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Horses and Humans Research Foundation

Most cited references 54

Effects of environmental change on emerging parasitic diseases.

The history of African trypanosomiasis

Options for field diagnosis of human african trypanosomiasis.

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