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      Detection of the neuropathogenic variant of equine herpesvirus 1 associated with abortions in mares in Poland

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          Abstract

          Background

          The incidence of reported cases of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) caused by infection with neuropathogenic strains of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) has markedly increased over the last decade in many Western countries. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of the neuropathogenic ( G2254) and non-neuropathogenic ( A2254) variants of EHV-1 among isolates associated with abortions in Polish stud farms.

          Results

          The results of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and sequencing were consistent, and showed that two out of 64 abortions (3.1%) were induced by the neuropathogenic genotype G2254. All remaining 18 EHV-1 positive abortion cases (28.1%) were caused by the non-neuropathogenic genotype A2254.

          Conclusions

          Most of the abortions in mares in Poland from 1999 to 2012 were associated with non-neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1. However, the presented data indicate that the neuropathogenic genotype of the virus is also present in Polish stud farms. Such a presence suggests that the future emergence of EHM in Poland is probable.

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          Most cited references26

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          Analysis of equid herpesvirus 1 strain variation reveals a point mutation of the DNA polymerase strongly associated with neuropathogenic versus nonneuropathogenic disease outbreaks.

          Jenny Poynter, Charles Newton, Z Swann … (2006)
          Equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) can cause a wide spectrum of diseases ranging from inapparent respiratory infection to the induction of abortion and, in extreme cases, neurological disease resulting in paralysis and ultimately death. It has been suggested that distinct strains of EHV-1 that differ in pathogenic capacity circulate in the field. In order to investigate this hypothesis, it was necessary to identify genetic markers that allow subgroups of related strains to be identified. We have determined all of the genetic differences between a neuropathogenic strain (Ab4) and a nonneuropathogenic strain (V592) of EHV-1 and developed PCR/sequencing procedures enabling differentiation of EHV-1 strains circulating in the field. The results indicate the occurrence of several major genetic subgroups of EHV-1 among isolates recovered from outbreaks over the course of 30 years, consistent with the proposal that distinct strains of EHV-1 circulate in the field. Moreover, there is evidence that certain strain groups are geographically restricted, being recovered predominantly from outbreaks occurring in either North America or Europe. Significantly, variation of a single amino acid of the DNA polymerase is strongly associated with neurological versus nonneurological disease outbreaks. Strikingly, this variant amino acid occurs at a highly conserved position for herpesvirus DNA polymerases, suggesting an important functional role.
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            Risk factors for development of neurologic disease after experimental exposure to equine herpesvirus-1 in horses.

            Joseph Allen (2008)
            To identify risk factors associated with development of clinical neurologic signs in horses exposed to equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1). 36 adult horses. Blood samples collected before and after challenge inoculation with nonneuropathogenic or neuropathogenic EHV-1 were analyzed for leukocyte-associated viremia, serum neutralizing antibody, and EHV-1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursors (CTLPs). Associations between variables and neurologic disease and correlations between age category or breed and development of neurologic disease were examined. 9 horses developed CNS signs (ataxia, hind limb paresis or paralysis, bladder atony, or recumbency). Neurologic deficits were correlated with infection by a neuropathogenic strain of EHV-1, age>20 years, high postexposure viremic load, and low preexposure concentration of CTLPs. No significant correlations were observed between preinfection titers or horse breed and postinfection development of neurologic signs. Horses with high concentrations of preexisting CTLPs, regardless of age, strain of virus, or titer, were more likely to control the magnitude of postinfection leukocyte-associated viremia and subsequent development of neurologic disease; therefore, CTLPs appear to be a critical requirement for protective immunity against EHV-1-induced myeloencephalopathy. The importance of achieving immunity related to high concentrations of vaccine-induced CTLPs in horses at high risk for exposure to neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1 is indicated.
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              Investigation of the prevalence of neurologic equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) in a 23-year retrospective analysis (1984-2007).

              Gillian A Perkins, Laura B. Goodman, Koji TSUJIMURA … (2009)
              A single nucleotide polymorphism in the equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) DNA polymerase gene (ORF30 A(2254) to G) has been associated with clinical signs of equine herpes myeloencephalopathy (EHM). The purpose of our study was to determine the odds ratio for this genetic marker and EHM using a panel of field isolates from North America collected over the past twenty-three years. EHV-1 isolates cultured at the Cornell University Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory from 1984 to 2007 were retrieved along with their clinical histories. DNA was extracted from these EHV-1 cultures and allelic discrimination was performed using real-time PCR. The results were confirmed by sequencing of the target region in ORF30. PCR and sequencing were in 100% agreement and showed that 19 out of the 176 isolates had the ORF30 G(2254) allele (11%), of which 16 were EHM cases and 3 respiratory or abortion cases. The odds of having neurologic disease with the ORF30 G(2254) genotype were computed as 162 times greater than those with the opposite allele ORF30 A(2254) (95% confidence interval: 35-742). Despite this strong statistical significance, 24% (5/21) of horses with neurologic disease in our study population harbored the "non-neurologic" form of the allele (ORF30 A(2254)), suggesting that other factors may also contribute to the onset of EHM.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Karol Stasiak: karol.stasiak@piwet.pulawy.pl
                Jerzy Rola: jrola@piwet.pulawy.pl
                Gabor Ploszay: gabor.ploszay@piwet.pulawy.pl
                Wojciech Socha: wojciech.socha@piwet.pulawy.pl
                Jan F Zmudzinski: jfzmudzi@piwet.pulawy.pl
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Vet Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Vet. Res
                Title: BMC Veterinary Research
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1746-6148
                Publication date (Electronic): 1 May 2015
                Publication date PMC-release: 1 May 2015
                Publication date Collection: 2015
                Volume: 11
                Electronic Location Identifier: 102
                Affiliations
                Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
                Article
                Publisher ID: 416
                DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0416-7
                PMC ID: 4416348
                PubMed ID: 25929692
                SO-VID: 0e39fba7-2a45-419e-ad00-ce54eb1a8b2e
                Copyright © © Stasiak et al.; licensee BioMed Central. 2015
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 27 November 2014
                Date accepted : 21 April 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2015

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine
                Keywords: ehv-1,orf30,neuropathogenic genotype,abortion
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine
                Keywords: ehv-1, orf30, neuropathogenic genotype, abortion

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