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      Concentração de mercúrio e análise histopatológica em músculo, rim e cérebro de peixe-espada (Trichiurus lepturus) coletados na praia de Itaipu - Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Translated title: Mercury level and histopathologic analysis of muscle, kidney and brain of largehead hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus) collected in Itaipu beach - Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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          Abstract

          O pescado e seus derivados destacam-se como fonte de exposição e contaminação por metais pesados para o homem. A acumulação do metal mercúrio (Hg) ocorre de forma progressiva através da cadeia trófica e da água sendo o peixe-espada um carnívoro localizado no topo da cadeia alimentar ele pode representar o grau de contaminação da região estudada. Os objetivos neste estudo foram determinar os teores de mercúrio (Hg) e realizar análise histopatológica em órgãos da espécie Trichiurus lepturus em peixes comercializados na região da praia de Itaipu, Niterói - RJ. Foram analisados trinta e um animais, nos quais foram encontrados em musculatura e rim valores médios de Hg de 0,051±0,031µ g g-1 e 0,006±0,004µ g g-1, respectivamente. No pool de cérebro de todos os animais obteve-se o valor de 0,019µ g g-1. Os valores individuais mínimos e máximos de Hg na musculatura e no rim demonstraram uma ampla dispersão. Nas análises de correlação entre comprimento total e teores de Hg em musculatura, e peso total e teores de Hg em musculatura, foi verificada uma correlação positiva (r=0,85 e r=0,88 respectivamente) altamente significativa (P<0,0001). Entretanto, na correlação entre peso do rim e os teores de Hg no mesmo órgão, não foi demonstrada uma correlação significativa (r=0,24) ao nível de confiança de 95% (P>0,19). Nos testes de comparação múltipla entre os teores médios encontrados em musculatura, rim e cérebro, foi observada uma diferença altamente significativa entre os valores do músculo e do rim, assim como entre os do músculo e do cérebro (P<0,001 para ambos). Na comparação entre rim e cérebro, também foi verificada uma diferença significativa ao nível de 5% de probabilidade (P<0,05). Na análise histopatológica, foram observadas lesões no rim, caracterizando-se por metaplasias cartilaginosas em alguns exemplares e uma intensa presença de corpos melanomacrofágicos.

          Translated abstract

          Fish is an important source of heavy metal exposition and contamination for human being. Accumulation of mercury (Hg) in men occurs by chronicle exposition, through the food chain, by ingestion of fish contaminated with mercury. Because of biomagnifications the carnivorous fish that is on the top of the food chain shows a higher concentration of mercury in their tissues and can represent the aquatic environmental contamination. This work aims to establish histopathologic analysis and total mercury concentration in different tissues from thirty-one Trichiurus lepturus, a commercial fish from Itaipu Beach, Niterói, RJ. T. lepturus collected showed mean values of total mercury concentration of 0.051±0.031µ g g-1 and 0.006±0.004µ g g-1, respectively in muscle and kidney tissues. It was also conducted an analysis of mercury concentration from a pool of brain tissue from all individuals (0.019µ g g-1). Minimum and maximum mercury values in muscular and kidney tissues showed a wide dispersion. There was a positive correlation between total length and mercury muscular tissue concentration (R=0.85) and between body weight and mercury muscular tissue concentration (R=0.88), both highly significant. No significant correlation (r=0.24) was observed between kidney weight and mercury tissue concentration (P>0.19). In a multiple comparison test among muscle, kidneys and brain mercury tissue concentration, it was observed a highly significant difference between muscle and kidneys (P<0.001), as well as between muscle and brain (P<0.001). Comparison between kidney and brain mercury tissue concentration also showed a significant difference with a probability level of 5% (P<0.05). Histopathology demonstrated damage in the kidneys (cartilaginous metaplasia in some individuals and a high presence of melanomacrophage centers).

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          Environmental health criteria 101 methyl mercury

          (1990)
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            Effects of dietary methylmercury on liver and kidney histology in the neotropical fish Hoplias malabaricus.

            Methylmercury is a potent toxic present in Amazonian fish species due to gold mining activities. In the present work, we investigated the morphological effects of methylmercury in liver and kidney of Hoplias malabaricus feeding contaminated prey fish over 70 days. Two groups of nine mature fish (tested and control) were acclimatized for four weeks to laboratory conditions and then the tested group fed prey fish previously contaminated at an additional level of 0.075 microg MeHg g(-1) at 5-day intervals and over 14 successive intervals whereas control group fed uncontaminated fish. H. malabaricus specimens were then dissected for chemical and morphological analyses. The low and realistic level of MeHg in the prey fish induced a low increase of total mercury in liver (1.8-fold) and muscle (2.2-fold). The biomagnification factor (Hg in predator/Hg in prey) reached 142 in liver and 21 in muscle and was indicative of a relatively fast contamination of internal organs by dietary exposure. The liver of exposed individuals presented leukocyte infiltration, increased number of melano-macrophage centers, necrotic areas and lesions in Disse's space. Evident disorder and chaos in cytoskeleton organization suggest a strong toxic effect in hepatocytes, such as organelles positioning and movement, vesicles traffic and secretion. Head kidney showed large necrosis areas, increased number of melano-macrophages centers, phagocytic areas, intercellular space among parenquimal cells and atypical cells. Injuries and damages to tissues suggest too slow defense mechanisms to immobilize or eliminate ingested methylmercury, demonstrating that the sensitivity of fish cells to methylmercury exposure is higher than it has been previously described in the literature.
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              Chronic dietary mercury exposure causes oxidative stress, brain lesions, and altered behaviour in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr.

              Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr were fed for 4 months on fish meal based diets supplemented with mercuric chloride (0, 10, or 100 mg Hg kg(-1) DW) or methylmercury chloride (0, 5, or 10 mg Hg kg(-1) DW) to assess the effects of inorganic (Hg) and organic dietary mercury on brain lipid peroxidation and neurotoxicity. Lipid peroxidative products, endogenous anti oxidant enzymes, brain histopathology, and overall behaviour were measured. Methylmercury accumulated significantly in the brain of fish fed 5 or 10 mg kg(-1) by the end of the experiment, and inorganic mercury accumulated significantly in the brain only at 100 mg kg(-1) exposure levels. No mortality or growth reduction was observed in any of the exposure groups. Fish fed 5 mg kg(-1) methylmercury had a significant increase (2-fold) in the antioxidant enzyme super oxide dismutase (SOD) in the brain. At dietary levels of 10 mg kg(-1) methylmercury, a significant increase (7-fold) was observed in lipid peroxidative products (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) and a subsequently decrease (1.5-fold) in anti oxidant enzyme activity (SOD and glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px). Fish fed 10 mg kg(-1) methylmercury also had pathological damage (vacoulation and necrosis), significantly reduced neural enzyme activity (5-fold reduced monoamine oxidase, MAO, activity), and reduced overall post-feeding activity behaviour. Pathological injury started in the brain stem and became more widespread in other areas of the brain at higher exposure levels. Fish fed 100 mg Hg kg(-1) inorganic mercury had significant reduced neural MAO activity and pathological changes (astrocyte proliferation) in the brain, however, neural SOD and GSH-Px enzyme activity, lipid peroxidative products (TBARS), and post feeding behaviour did not differ from controls. Compared with other organs, the brain is particular susceptible for dietary methylmercury induced lipid peroxidative stress at relative low exposure concentrations. Doses of dietary methylmercury in the range of 5 mg kg(-1) induces protective redox defences in the brain as seen from the induction of anti-oxidant enzyme SOD activity. However, above a threshold of 10 mg kg(-1) methylmercury these defences are overcome and lipid peroxidative injury (TBARS) as well as severe pathological damage and adverse behaviour become apparent.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                cr
                Ciência Rural
                Cienc. Rural
                Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (Santa Maria )
                1678-4596
                April 2009
                : 39
                : 2
                : 540-546
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal Fluminense Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal Fluminense Brazil
                [3 ] Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Brasil
                [4 ] Universidade Federal Fluminense Brazil
                [5 ] Universidade Federal Fluminense Brazil
                Article
                S0103-84782009000200035
                0bed661f-ac54-4b2d-8719-174959039e19

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0103-8478&lng=en
                Categories
                AGRONOMY

                Horticulture
                mercury,largehead hairtail,Trichiurus lepturus,histopathology,mercúrio,Peixe-espada,histopatologia

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