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      A room-temperature sodium rechargeable battery using an SO 2-based nonflammable inorganic liquid catholyte

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          Abstract

          Sodium rechargeable batteries can be excellent alternatives to replace lithium rechargeable ones because of the high abundance and low cost of sodium; however, there is a need to further improve the battery performance, cost-effectiveness, and safety for practical use. Here we demonstrate a new type of room-temperature and high-energy density sodium rechargeable battery using an SO 2-based inorganic molten complex catholyte, which showed a discharge capacity of 153 mAh g −1 based on the mass of catholyte and carbon electrode with an operating voltage of 3 V, good rate capability and excellent cycle performance over 300 cycles. In particular, non-flammability and intrinsic self-regeneration mechanism of the inorganic liquid electrolyte presented here can accelerate the realization of commercialized Na rechargeable battery system with outstanding reliability. Given that high performance and unique properties of Na–SO 2 rechargeable battery, it can be another promising candidate for next generation energy storage system.

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          A rechargeable room-temperature sodium superoxide (NaO2) battery.

          Pascal Hartmann, Conrad Bender, Miloš Vračar … (2013)
          In the search for room-temperature batteries with high energy densities, rechargeable metal-air (more precisely metal-oxygen) batteries are considered as particularly attractive owing to the simplicity of the underlying cell reaction at first glance. Atmospheric oxygen is used to form oxides during discharging, which-ideally-decompose reversibly during charging. Much work has been focused on aprotic Li-O(2) cells (mostly with carbonate-based electrolytes and Li(2)O(2) as a potential discharge product), where large overpotentials are observed and a complex cell chemistry is found. In fact, recent studies evidence that Li-O(2) cells suffer from irreversible electrolyte decomposition during cycling. Here we report on a Na-O(2) cell reversibly discharging/charging at very low overpotentials (< 200 mV) and current densities as high as 0.2 mA cm(-2) using a pure carbon cathode without an added catalyst. Crystalline sodium superoxide (NaO(2)) forms in a one-electron transfer step as a solid discharge product. This work demonstrates that substitution of lithium by sodium may offer an unexpected route towards rechargeable metal-air batteries.
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            Chemically bonded phosphorus/graphene hybrid as a high performance anode for sodium-ion batteries.

            Jiangxuan Song, Zhaoxin Yu, Mikhail L Gordin … (2014)
            Room temperature sodium-ion batteries are of great interest for high-energy-density energy storage systems because of low-cost and natural abundance of sodium. Here, we report a novel phosphorus/graphene nanosheet hybrid as a high performance anode for sodium-ion batteries through facile ball milling of red phosphorus and graphene stacks. The graphene stacks are mechanically exfoliated to nanosheets that chemically bond with the surfaces of phosphorus particles. This chemical bonding can facilitate robust and intimate contact between phosphorus and graphene nanosheets, and the graphene at the particle surfaces can help maintain electrical contact and stabilize the solid electrolyte interphase upon the large volume change of phosphorus during cycling. As a result, the phosphorus/graphene nanosheet hybrid nanostructured anode delivers a high reversible capacity of 2077 mAh/g with excellent cycling stability (1700 mAh/g after 60 cycles) and high Coulombic efficiency (>98%). This simple synthesis approach and unique nanostructure can potentially be applied to other phosphorus-based alloy anode materials for sodium-ion batteries.
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              Author and article information

              Journal
              Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
              Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
              Title: Scientific Reports
              Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
              ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
              Publication date (Electronic): 05 August 2015
              Publication date Collection: 2015
              Volume: 5
              Electronic Location Identifier: 12827
              Affiliations
              [1 ]Advanced Batteries Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute , Seongnam, 463-816, Korea
              [2 ]Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul, 133-791, Korea
              [3 ]CAE Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology , Yongin, 446-712, Korea
              [4 ]Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul , Seoul, 100-715, Korea
              [5 ]School of Materials Science and Engineering, Andong National University , Andong, 760-745, Korea
              [6 ]Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul, 151-744, Korea
              Author notes
              Article
              Publisher Item ID: srep12827
              DOI: 10.1038/srep12827
              PMC ID: 4525335
              PubMed ID: 26243052
              SO-VID: 0a9eb417-8d48-4972-b584-8c62c52ec708
              Copyright © Copyright © 2015, Macmillan Publishers Limited
              License:

              This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

              History
              Date received : 11 February 2015
              Date accepted : 22 June 2015
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